联邦学习攻击与防御综述

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-0271.2022038

Abstract

Abstract:

With the comprehensive application of machine learning technology, data security problems occur from time to time, and people’s demand for privacy protection is emerging, which undoubtedly reduces the possibility of data sharing between different entities, making it difficult to make full use of data and giving rise to data islands.Federated learning (FL), as an effective method to solve the problem of data islands, is essentially distributed machine learning.Its biggest characteristic is to save user data locally so that the models’ joint training process won’t leak sensitive data of partners.Nevertheless, there are still many security risks in federated learning in reality, which need to be further studied.The possible attack means and corresponding defense measures were investigated in federal learning comprehensively and systematically.Firstly, the possible attacks and threats were classified according to the training stages of federal learning, common attack methods of each category were enumerated, and the attack principle of corresponding attacks was introduced.Then the specific defense measures against these attacks and threats were summarized along with the principle analysis, to provide a detailed reference for the researchers who first contact this field.Finally, the future work in this research area was highlighted, and several areas that need to be focused on were pointed out to help improve the security of federal learning.

Key words: federated learning, attack, defense, privacy protection, machine learning

CLC Number:

TP181

Jianhan WU, Shijing SI, Jianzong WANG, Jing XIAO. Threats and defenses of federated learning: a survey[J]. Big Data Research, 2022, 8(5): 12-32.

Figures/Tables 8

References 91

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攻击类型	描述	攻击效果
干净标签中毒攻击	将恶意数据添加到训练数据集中	伪造高质量数据难度较高，但效果好
脏标签中毒攻击	将干净训练样本的标签翻转为另一类，数据的特征保持不变	典型且实用，不具有针对性
	将干净样本的标签翻转为指定类别	针对性强，效果明显
数据后门中毒攻击	修改原始训练数据集的单个特征或小区域，将其作为后门并嵌入模型	后门嵌入，攻击成功率较高

攻击类型	攻击原理	攻击方法
数据中毒	攻击者向训练数据集中添加恶意数据或篡改数据集中的某些数据，以达到攻击目的	干净标签中毒攻击^[14]、脏标签中毒攻击^[15-17]
模型攻击	通过更改被攻击客户端本地模型的更新来更改全局模型更新	拜占庭攻击^[24-25]、后门攻击^[27-28]
推理攻击	通过攻击手段（如窃听、监视等）获取某些信息，然后利用这些信息推理获得目标信息	成员、特征、标签推理攻击^[30-32]，黑/白盒攻击^[33-35]，生成对抗网络^[39-40]
服务器漏洞	服务器所处环境缺少安全防御措施，导致易受到攻击，或存在恶意服务器	脆弱、恶意服务器攻击^[42-45]

技术结合	参考文献	特性
中心化差分隐私	[51-52]	聚合和更新分别通过添加与删除噪声来达到保护隐私的目的，但需要一个可信的数据收集库
本地化差分隐私	[53-55]	将数据的隐私化处理过程转移至每个用户的设备上，使得用户能够单独地处理和保护个人数据，但这会影响模型的精度
分布式差分隐私	[56-57]	结合密码学技术来改进本地差分隐私和中心差分隐私
全同态加密	[60]	对隐私有绝对的保护，但计算复杂度非常高
部分同态加密	[60-63]	只对梯度进行加密处理，可以在很大程度上降低通信成本，实用性强
秘密共享	[65]	属于典型的密钥分发机制，在联邦学习中应用成熟
可验证性秘密共享	[67-69]	通过引入可验证机制，进一步提高秘密共享的安全性，且能与其他技术结合使用

防御类型	参考文献	防御措施	特点
防御数据中毒	[71]	检测上下文信息	通过与之前的数据进行对比来检测数据点
	[72-73]	最小化图像总方差，HGD	使用压缩、降噪和减少全局方差等方法来处理数据，进而达到保护数据的目的
	[75-77]	对抗训练	将真实样本和对抗样本放在一起作为训练集进行训练
防御模型攻击	[78]	检测错误的模型更新	直接或间接使用模型参数之间的数值差异来检测异常模型
	[80-83]	安全聚合	使用不同的聚合算法来保护模型参数
防御推理攻击	[84-85]	模型堆叠，DNN	将多种模型进行集成或者组合，以提高模型的复杂度
防御服务器漏洞	[87-[89]	TEE	通过硬件隔离的技术来保护隐私
	[90]	安全多方计算	安全联合多个参与方完成某种协同计算

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