增强图像平滑度的可逆信息隐藏方案

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2022040

网络与信息安全学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (3): 66-75.doi: 10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2022040

• 专栏：多媒体内容安全 • 上一篇下一篇

增强图像平滑度的可逆信息隐藏方案

王婧晗, 朱辉, 李鹤麟, 李晖, 杨晓鹏

西安电子科技大学，陕西西安 710126

修回日期:2022-03-04 出版日期:2022-06-15 发布日期:2022-06-01
作者简介:王婧晗（1998− ），女，河南新乡人，西安电子科技大学硕士生，主要研究方向为信息安全、信息隐藏
朱辉（1981− ），男，河南周口人，西安电子科技大学教授、博士生导师，主要研究方向为数据安全与隐私保护、安全方案及协议设计、网络及应用安全
李鹤麟（1996− ），男，河北保定人，西安电子科技大学博士生，主要研究方向为可信推荐、用户行为分析、隐私保护
李晖（1968− ），男，陕西西安人，西安电子科技大学教授、博士生导师，主要研究方向为密码信息安全、信息论与编码理论
杨晓鹏（1991− ），男，河南林州人，西安电子科技大学博士生，主要研究方向为生物特征隐私保护、密码学及其应用
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFB3101300);国家自然科学基金(61972304);国家自然科学基金(61932015);公安部技术研究计划(2019JSYJA01);陕西省重点研发计划(2020ZDLGY08-04)

Reversible data hiding scheme based on enhanced image smoothness

Jinghan WANG, Hui ZHU, Helin LI, Hui LI, Xiaopeng YANG

Xidian University,Xi’an710126, China

Revised:2022-03-04 Online:2022-06-15 Published:2022-06-01
Supported by:
The National Key R＆D Program of China(2021YFB3101300);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61972304);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61932015);Technical Research Program of the Ministry of Public Security(2019JSYJA01);Shaanxi Provincial Key R＆D Program(2020ZDLGY08-04)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着互联网技术的发展和社交网络的普及，可逆信息隐藏技术因其具有无损恢复载体信息的特性而被广泛应用于医疗、军事等领域的隐蔽信息传输。传统的可逆信息隐藏方案大多聚焦于嵌入容量提升和载密图像失真率降低，并未过多关注人们对图像视觉细节的要求，难以抵抗隐藏信息检测方法。针对上述挑战，从增强图像视觉平滑度方面入手，提出了一种增强图像平滑度的可逆信息隐藏方案，在嵌入隐蔽信息的同时提升载密图像最终的视觉质量。具体来说，所提方案将目标图像分为参考区域与非参考区域，利用非参考区域的图像像素预测值与原始像素值的差值作为信息嵌入的判断依据，通过差值平移来嵌入信息；进而构造图像平滑机制，采用高斯滤波作为秘密信息嵌入时像素值修改的模板，对预测值进行滤波计算，将滤波差值无损地加入载体图像中，以达到图像平滑的效果；同时将参考区域的像素值作为边信息，用于实现信息提取方对原始载体图像和秘密信息的无损恢复和提取；并以高斯函数中的滤波系数作为预置秘密信息对嵌入信息进行加密处理以保证嵌入信息的机密性。大量经典图像数据集的测试与分析结果表明，所提方案处理过的载密图像视觉平滑度得到了显著增强，具有较低的失真率、较高的嵌入率和较高的嵌入提取效率。在典型环境下，其生成的载密图像与高斯滤波后的图像相似度可达0.996 3，且可获得37.346的峰值信噪比和0.328 9的嵌入容量。

关键词: 可逆信息隐藏, 载密图像, 高斯滤波, 预测误差

Abstract:

With the prosperity of Internet technology and the popularity of social networks, reversible data hiding technology has been widely adopted in concealed information transmission of medical and military fields with its advantages on secret information recovery.Traditional reversible data hiding schemes mainly focus on the enhancement of embedding capacity and the reduction of the distortion rate of stego image, but pay less attention to the understanding of image details with the human eyes.Thus, it is difficult to resist hidden information detection methods.To solve the above challenge, a reversible data hiding algorithm was proposed, which ensured the visual quality of the stego image in the process of data hiding through the image visual smoothness enhancement.Specifically, the original image was divided into reference area and non-reference area.The secret data was embedded through the translation of the difference, which was calculated according to the predicted pixel value and the original pixel value of the non-reference area.To guarantee the visual quality of the image, smoothing mechanism was constructed, in which a Gaussian filter was utilized as a template to filter the predicted value and to add the filter difference into the cover image without loss.The pixel value of the reference region was used as edge information for lossless restoration of the original image.The filtering coefficient in Gaussian function was exploited as the embedded key to ensure the security of secret information.Simulation results regarding a large number of classical image data sets illustrated that the visual smoothness of stego image processed by this scheme was effectively enhanced with lower distortion rate, higher embedding rate, and higher embedding and extraction efficiency.In a typical circumstance, the similarity between the generated stego image and the Gaussian filter image can reach 0.9963.The PSNR and the embedded capacity can be up to 37.346 and 0.3289 BPP, respectively.

Key words: reversible data hiding, secret image, Gaussian filter, prediction error

中图分类号:

TP309.2

王婧晗, 朱辉, 李鹤麟, 李晖, 杨晓鹏. 增强图像平滑度的可逆信息隐藏方案[J]. 网络与信息安全学报, 2022, 8(3): 66-75.

Jinghan WANG, Hui ZHU, Helin LI, Hui LI, Xiaopeng YANG. Reversible data hiding scheme based on enhanced image smoothness[J]. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security, 2022, 8(3): 66-75.

图/表 13

图1

图2

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

表2

所提方案与高斯滤波图像相似度对比Table 2 Comparison of image similarity between the proposed scheme and Gaussian filtering image"

图像	相似度r1	相似度r2
Lena	0.987 3	$0 . 9963$
Cameraman	0.987 5	$0 . 9970$
Baboon	0.957 5	$0 . 9749$
Woman	0.979 8	$0 . 9877$

表2

图7

表3

使用不同可逆信息隐藏方案生成载密图像的统计评估Table 3 The statistic estimation on stego images in terms of different reversible data hiding schemes"

载密图像	T=1		T=2		T=5		文献[21]		文献[22]
载密图像	PSNR	SSIM	PSNR	SSIM	PSNR	SSIM	PSNR	SSIM	PSNR	SSIM
Lena	$37 . 346$	$0 . 9168$	34.638	0.872 8	28.089	0.797 0	20.000	0.764 9	23.457	0.893 8
Cameraman	$35 . 723$	$0 . 8981$	29.044	0.800 9	27.381	0.711 1	22.986	0.755 4	22.682	0.846 4
Baboon		$0 . 7699$	29.749	0.642 5	25.600	0.607 0	15.720	0.457 1	19.446	0.649 6
Woman	$37 . 392$	$0 . 8445$	32.009	0.781 7	28.964	0.716 4	17.348	0.476 4	23.253	0.705 1
均值	$32 . 3642$	$0 . 8323$	28.110	0.761 9	27.508 5	0.707 9	19.014	0.613 5	22.209 5	0.773 7
标准差	$4 . 9948$	$0 . 0759$	2.3828	0.085 1	1.2363	0.067 5	2.755 7	0.146 9	1.620 6	0.099 8

表3

表4

嵌入阈值T对嵌入率和载密图像相似度的影响Table 4 Influence of embedding threshold T on embedding rate and image similarity"

测试图像	T=1		T=2		T=5		T=10
测试图像	嵌入率/bit.pixel^-1	相似度	嵌入率/bit.pixel^-1	相似度	嵌入率/bit.pixel^-1	相似度	嵌入率/bit.pixel^-1	相似度
Lena	0.328 9	$0 . 9963$	0.523 2	0.981 9	0.763 7	0.975 3	$0 . 9007$	0.967 0
Cameraman	0.190 3	$0 . 9970$	0.293 2	0.980 5	0.517 8	0.972 8	$0 . 7291$	0.962 0
Baboon	0.434 8	$0 . 9749$	0.512 8	0.972 5	0.564 6	0.966 7	$0 . 7107$	0.960 0
Woman	0.315 4	$0 . 9877$	0.450 8	0.974 1	0.687 1	0.965 9	$0 . 8535$	0.954 9
均值	0.317 4	$0 . 9890$	0.445 0	0.977 3	0.633 3	0.970 2	$0 . 7985$	0.961 0
标准差	0.086 7	0.008 9	0.091 9	0.004 0	0.097 4	0.004 0	0.080 6	0.004 3

表4

图8

表5

参考文献 22

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符号	说明
O (x,y)	载体图像
s	秘密信息
m	加密后秘密信息
E_k	隐藏密钥
S_k	加密密钥
LM	位置图
P (x,y)	预测像素值
Δ	预测差值
n	秘密信息比特数
C (x,y)	滤波值
fd	滤波差值
S '(x,y)	更正前载密图像
S (x,y)	载密图像
Δ′	嵌入后预测差值
T	嵌入阈值

数据集	T=1		T=2		T=5		T=10
数据集	嵌入过程运行时间	提取过程运行时间	嵌入过程运行时间	提取过程运行时间	嵌入过程运行时间	提取过程运行时间	嵌入过程运行时间	提取过程运行时间
BossBase数据集	0.078 526	0.018 296	0.066 314	0.019 002	0.061 431	0.019 885	0.065 124	0.017 546
LFW数据集	0.238 079	0.120 348	0.248 885	0.157 854	0.276 047	0.165 235	0.232 198	0.135 445
均值	0.158 303	0.069 322	0.157 600	0.088 428	0.168 739	0.092 560	0.148 661	0.076 496
标准差	0.079 777	0.051 026	0.091 286	0.069 426	0.107 308	0.072 675	0.083 537	0.058 950

增强图像平滑度的可逆信息隐藏方案

Reversible data hiding scheme based on enhanced image smoothness

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