区块链存储：技术与挑战

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2020019

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

区块链具有不可被篡改和去中心化的特性，将其应用到存储系统中，有助于提高存储系统的数据安全性和系统可扩展性。区块链技术与存储技术的融合主要分为 3 方面：基于区块链构建的去中心化存储系统、基于区块链优化已有系统的存储性能和区块链系统自身的存储方法与优化。对这些工作进行了综述，讨论对比了当前典型的采用了区块链技术的存储系统，总结了区块链存储面临的主要挑战，并展望了区块链存储的发展方向。

关键词: 区块链存储, 去中心化, 分布式存储, 数据安全性, 可扩展性

Abstract:

Blockchain′s characteristics of non-temper and decentralization can be utilized to improve the data security and scalability of storage systems,called blockchain storage.These works that combine storage with blockchain technology,are mainly divided into three categories:decentralized storage systems based on blockchain,improve the performance of existing storage systems based on blockchain,and the underlying storage strategies of blockchain.These works were summarized,the current blockchain storage systems were compared,the main challenges that blockchain and storage being facing were discussed and its future development was forecasted.

Key words: blockchain storage, decentralization, distributed storage, data security, scalability

中图分类号:

TP391

蔡振华,林嘉韵,刘芳. 区块链存储：技术与挑战[J]. 网络与信息安全学报, 2020, 6(5): 11-20.

Zhenhua CAI,Jiayun LIN,Fang LIU. Blockchain storage:technologies and challenges[J]. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security, 2020, 6(5): 11-20.

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存储类型	隐私保护	数据安全性	响应速度	下载速度	闲置存储资源利用	存储激励能力	存储空间开销
中心化存储	弱	弱	慢	慢	低		小
去中心化存储	中	中	快	快	高	弱	中
基于区块链的去中心化存储	强	强	快	快	高	强	较大

项目	适用场景	操作系统	重复数据删除	纠删码	加密方式	用户访问接口	目标用户	编程框架	兼容亚马逊S3	空间利用率	数据安全性	项目状况
Filecoin	数据存储	Linux、MacOS	支持	支持	用户自行加密	API	一般用户	Go、Rust	不兼容	中	高	GitHub开源、内部测试
PPIO	数据分发	Windows MacOS、Linux	支持	支持	系统加密	命令行	开发者	Mode.js、Android	不兼容	中	高	GitHub部分开源、内部测试
Storj	数据存储	Linux、MacOS、Windows	支持	支持	系统加密	命令行、图形界面	一般用户开发者	C	兼容	中	高	GitHub开源、内部测试
SAFE Network	数据自治	Linux、MacOS	支持	不支持	系统加密	命令行、浏览器	一般用户开发者	Node.js、Web、C#、Java、Rust	不兼容	高	中	GitHub开源、内部测试
Sia	数据存储	Windows、MacOS、Linux	不支持	支持	系统加密	命令行、图形界面	一般用户	Go	不兼容	低	高	GitLab开源、正式发布

节点类型	是否参与验证	对信任的依赖	存储内容	存储空间需求	存储容量需求	是否参与区块重构
全节点	参与	低	整个区块链	高	高	参与
轻节点	不参与	高	区块头部	低	低	不参与
纠删码节点	参与	低	部分编码块和解码信息	中	低	参与

方法	查询速度	外空间开销	性能影响	可扩展性
外联数据库	O(log(N+Ts(kN)))	大	小	高
内置索引	O(log(N)+kT(N)))	小	大	低