低轨巨型星座网络：组网技术与研究现状

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2022075

通信学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (5): 177-189.doi: 10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2022075

低轨巨型星座网络：组网技术与研究现状

陈全¹, 杨磊¹, 郭剑鸣¹^,², 李星辰³, 赵勇¹, 陈小前³

¹ 国防科技大学空天科学学院，湖南长沙 410073
² 复杂飞行器系统仿真重点实验室，北京 100094
³ 军事科学院国防科技创新研究院，北京 100071

修回日期:2022-03-15 出版日期:2022-05-25 发布日期:2022-05-01
作者简介:陈全（1993- ），男，安徽宿州人，博士，国防科技大学讲师，主要研究方向为低轨卫星网络、无人机通信网络、微纳卫星技术等
杨磊（1979- ），男，河南洛阳人，博士，国防科技大学研究员，主要研究方向为空间信息网络、卫星集群网络等
郭剑鸣（1993- ），男，湖北襄阳人，博士，复杂飞行器系统仿真重点实验室助理研究员，主要研究方向为低轨卫星网络、软件定义网络等
李星辰（1991- ），男，河南郑州人，博士，军事科学院助理研究员，主要研究方向为微纳卫星技术、低轨卫星网络等
赵勇（1977- ），男，湖南沅江人，博士，国防科技大学教授，主要研究方向为微纳卫星技术、空间信息网络等
陈小前（1975- ），男，湖南双峰人，博士，军事科学院研究员、博士生导师，主要研究方向为飞行器多学科优化设计、空间信息网络等
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11725211);国家自然科学基金资助项目(12002383);国防科技大学学校科研计划基金资助项目(ZK22-02)

LEO mega-constellation network:networking technologies and state of the art

Quan CHEN¹, Lei YANG¹, Jianming GUO¹^,², Xingchen LI³, Yong ZHAO¹, Xiaoqian CHEN³

¹ College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
² Science and Technology on Complex Aircraft System Simulation Laboratory, Beijing 100094, China
³ National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Chinese Academy of Military Science, Beijing 100071, China

Revised:2022-03-15 Online:2022-05-25 Published:2022-05-01
Supported by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(11725211);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(12002383);The Research Project of National University of Defense Technology(ZK22-02)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以新兴低轨巨型星座网络为研究对象，概述了系统基本架构与工作模式，总结了新兴巨型星座网络的基本特征。根据系统架构，从卫星网络拓扑动态性管理、星地链路切换策略、路由算法设计、地面信关站布局优化设计以及网络仿真与性能评估5个方面系统梳理了各关键技术的主要技术路线和研究进展，尤其是近期巨型星座的相关研究进展。重点分析了低轨巨型星座中星座规模和复杂度扩增对组网关键技术的挑战，以及现有的各类解决方法在巨型星座宽带网络场景下的适用性。最后对未来巨型星座网络的相关研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 低轨巨型星座, 宽带卫星网络, 星链, 卫星网络路由, 信关站布局, 卫星网络仿真

Abstract:

The emerging low earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation network (MCN) represented by Starlink and OneWeb were studied.The system architecture and basic working modes were introduced, and the main features of the emerging broadband MCN were summarized.Based on the system architecture of MCN, the methodology and research progress of five key technologies were investigated and summarized, including network topology dynamics management, space-ground handover scheme, high-efficiency routing algorithm design, gateway placement design, network simulation and performance evaluation.The focus was on recent mega-constellation-related studies.The challenges caused by the large scale and complexity of MCN and the applicability of existing techniques and solutions in MCN were analyzed.

Key words: low earth orbit mega-constellation, broadband satellite network, Starlink, satellite network routing, gateway placement, satellite network simulation

中图分类号:

TN92

陈全, 杨磊, 郭剑鸣, 李星辰, 赵勇, 陈小前. 低轨巨型星座网络：组网技术与研究现状[J]. 通信学报, 2022, 43(5): 177-189.

Quan CHEN, Lei YANG, Jianming GUO, Xingchen LI, Yong ZHAO, Xiaoqian CHEN. LEO mega-constellation network:networking technologies and state of the art[J]. Journal on Communications, 2022, 43(5): 177-189.

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方法	天线类型	星座类型	卫星类型	拓扑个数	复杂度
虚拟拓扑法	不限	不限	不限	多个	高
虚拟节点法	地球固定足印	极轨道，单层星座	同构	一个	低

切换策略	切换类型	切换准则	主要特性
硬切换策略	硬切换	信号强度	信号强度低于预设阈值时直接切换
H-CASD切换策略	软切换	通信仰角	设置2个计时器，判断是否需要第二颗卫星在信道切换前增加备用信道
GSH策略	硬切换	多指标加权	根据星地连接关系将卫星切换转换为有向图寻路问题，将切换指标作为边的权重
UCHS	软切换	信号强度	多星同时缓存用户下行数据，实现无缝切换
MARL切换策略	硬切换	切换次数/信道利用率	分布式策略，利用用户获取的局部网络状态信息和强化学习方法确定切换决策

路由类型	主要特性	巨型星座适用性
面向连接型	节点对之间先建立连接，所有数据包沿同一路径中继传输	×
面向无连接型	不同数据包在同一节点对之间可沿不同路径传输	√
集中式	中心节点为各节点集中生成路由表	×
分布式	每个节点为数据包单独计算到达目的地的路径	√
静态路由	按预设的固定路由表直接转发，不根据网络状态调整	×
动态（自适应）	根据实时网络状态的变化自适应更新路由决策	√
虚拟拓扑法	根据拓扑连接性划分若干时间片，每个时间片内虚拟拓扑保持静态	×
虚拟节点法	动态更新卫星和虚拟节点间的映射关系，构造静态虚拟节点网络	√

研究工作	优化目标	求解方法	研究场景
文献[3]	网络平均时延、卫星负载及信关站负载均衡性	遗传算法	Starlink
文献[50]	信关站负载均衡性	改进的离散粒子群算法	OneWeb、Telesat
文献[54]	系统容量、时延及信关站数目	多目标遗传算法	类铱星星座，无星间链路
文献[55]	星间转发跳数、星地链路容量	模拟退火、遗传算法	72星-倾斜轨道星座
文献[56]	卫星-信关站连接性	遗传算法	类OneWeb星座
文献[57]	系统容量	贪心算法	OneWeb
文献[58-59]	QoS保证的系统总数传速率	多目标遗传算法	Starlink、OneWeb、Telesat

仿真平台	主要仿真工具	特征
Hypatia	NS3、Python、Cesium	可视化效果好，可实现数据包级别仿真，在离散的静态拓扑上实现数据包传输
SAGIN-Sim	NS3、STK、MATLAB、Python	空天地一体化，支持各类异构算法，可扩展性强，但复杂度高，对硬件要求高
StarPerf	Mininet、STK、MATLAB	虚拟网络仿真平台，非离散时间仿真，可扩展性强，适用于大规模网络场景及SDN
Starlink-Sim	Unity 3D、C#	星间传输路径可视化效果好，但无法进行数据包级别仿真

低轨巨型星座网络：组网技术与研究现状

LEO mega-constellation network:networking technologies and state of the art

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