区块链网络安全保障：攻击与防御

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2021035

通信学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 151-162.doi: 10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2021035

所属专题：区块链

区块链网络安全保障：攻击与防御

江沛佩¹^,², 王骞¹^,², 陈艳姣³, 李琦⁴^,⁵, 沈超⁶

¹ 空天信息安全与可信计算教育部重点实验室，湖北武汉 430072
² 武汉大学国家网络安全学院，湖北武汉 430072
³ 武汉大学计算机学院，湖北武汉 430072
⁴ 清华大学网络科学与网络空间研究院，北京 100084
⁵ 北京信息科学与技术国家研究中心，北京 100084
⁶ 西安交通大学网络空间安全学院，陕西西安 710049

修回日期:2020-10-21 出版日期:2021-01-25 发布日期:2021-01-01
作者简介:江沛佩（1997- ），女，湖北武汉人，武汉大学博士生，主要研究方向为应用密码学、网络安全等。
王骞（1980- ），男，湖北武汉人，博士，武汉大学教授、博士生导师，主要研究方向为人工智能安全、云计算安全、无线系统安全、大数据安全与隐私、应用密码学等。
陈艳姣（1989- ），女，山西代县人，博士，武汉大学研究员，主要研究方向为无线网络资源分配、网络安全、区块链等。
李琦（1979- ），男，浙江临安人，博士，清华大学副教授、博士生导师，主要研究方向为网络安全、移动安全和大数据安全。
沈超（1985- ），男，重庆人，博士，西安交通大学教授、博士生导师，主要研究方向为信息物理系统优化与安全、系统与软件安全、人工智能安全等。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划基金资助项目(2020YFB1005500);国家自然科学基金资助项目(U20B2049);国家自然科学基金资助项目(61822207);国家自然科学基金资助项目(61972296);国家自然科学基金资助项目(61822309);国家自然科学基金资助项目(61773310);北京信息科学与技术国家研究中心基金资助项目(BNR2020RC0101)

Securing guarantee of the blockchain network:attacks and countermeasures

Peipei JIANG¹^,², Qian WANG¹^,², Yanjiao CHEN³, Qi LI⁴^,⁵, Chao SHEN⁶

¹ Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430072, China
² School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
³ School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
⁴ Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
⁵ Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Beijing 100084, China
⁶ School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Revised:2020-10-21 Online:2021-01-25 Published:2021-01-01
Supported by:
The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFB1005500);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20B2049);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61822207);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61972296);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61822309);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61773310);Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology(BNR2020RC0101)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着区块链技术的迅猛发展，区块链系统的安全问题正逐渐暴露出来，给区块链生态系统带来巨大风险。通过回顾区块链安全方面的相关工作，对区块链潜在的安全问题进行了系统的研究。将区块链框架分为数据层、网络层、共识层和应用层4层，分析其中的安全漏洞及攻击原理，并讨论了增强区块链安全的防御方案。最后，在现有研究的基础上展望了区块链安全领域的未来研究方向和发展趋势。

关键词: 区块链安全, 智能合约, 隐私保护

Abstract:

While the security of blockchain has been the central concern of both academia and industry since the very start, new security threats continue to emerge, which poses great risks to the blockchain ecosystem.A systematic study was conducted on the most state-of-the-art research on potential security issues of blockchain.Specifically, a taxonomy was developed by considering the blockchain framework as a four-layer system, and the analysis on the most recent attacks against security loopholes in each layer was provided.Countermeasures that can strengthen the blockchain were also discussed by highlighting their fundamental ideas and comparing different solutions.Finally, the forefront of research and potential directions of blockchain security were put forward to encourage further studies on the security of blockchain.

Key words: blockchain security, smart contract, privacy protection

中图分类号:

TP309

江沛佩, 王骞, 陈艳姣, 李琦, 沈超. 区块链网络安全保障：攻击与防御[J]. 通信学报, 2021, 42(1): 151-162.

Peipei JIANG, Qian WANG, Yanjiao CHEN, Qi LI, Chao SHEN. Securing guarantee of the blockchain network:attacks and countermeasures[J]. Journal on Communications, 2021, 42(1): 151-162.

图/表 5

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安全问题	威胁和攻击	描述	负面影响	防御方法	层次
区块链状态不一致性	蓄意分叉	有意地分叉合法链，并在其上进行交易	双重支付，交易反转	集体签名 Rapid ChainChainSpace	数据结构层
密码系统漏洞	用户私钥泄露	分析密码系统漏洞，推测用户私钥	财产损失	加强密码系统安全性	数据结构层
网络基础设施漏洞	路由攻击	隔离部分网络或时延块传播	采矿资源浪费，双重支付	增加节点连接的多样性，加密通信	网络层
再中心化	51%攻击、双花攻击、网络分区	攻击者控制网络中大量算力	财产损失，交易审查，区块链系统损坏	SmartPoolProof-of-Personhood	共识层
矿池竞争	自私挖矿	选择性地传播被挖掘的块来使其他诚实矿工的块失效	采矿资源浪费		共识层
	BWH	发送PPoW，而不发送FPoW	采矿资源浪费	更新Beacon值，联合费用
	FAW	自私挖矿和BWH的结合	恶意分叉
支付通道的安全漏洞	交易跟踪	通过相同通道的关联跟踪交易	信息泄露	BOLT	应用层
	支付中止	通道容量不足导致的交易中止	信息泄露	Fulgor、Rayo
	虫洞攻击	窃取合法矿工的报酬	财产损失	AMHL
匿名货币交易隐私泄露	交易指纹识别	分析比特币交易中数额、节点输入输出数量，追踪交易	信息泄露	减少交易信息泄露	应用层
匿名货币交易隐私泄露	侧信道攻击	通过时间信息推断交易发出者和接受者的身份	信息泄露	使用无时间差别加密算法	应用层
智能合约漏洞	重入攻击	在智能合约能终止前重新进入函数	财产损失，不公平挖矿	正式认证	应用层
				符号化执行
				运行时间监测

方案	交易路径	实现基础	关注问题	是否支持无脚本	应用
BOLT	单跳	压缩E-cash	隐私	否	Zcash、Bitcoin
HTLC	多跳	多跳HTLC、ZK-Boo	隐私、并发性	否	Bitcoin、PCN
AMHL	多跳	匿名多跳锁	隐私、互操作性	是	大部分加密货币、原子交换、互操作PCN

区块链网络安全保障：攻击与防御

Securing guarantee of the blockchain network:attacks and countermeasures

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