基于最优DCT频段嵌入的JPEG图像可逆信息隐藏方法

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2023062

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

JPEG（joint photographic experts group）图像不仅能够保证良好的画质，且所需存储空间较小，是目前互联网应用最广泛的图像格式。JPEG图像可逆信息隐藏（RDH, reversible data hiding）方法可以隐藏和提取秘密信息，并无损恢复原始图像，被广泛用于文件管理和图像认证，具有非常重要的意义。现有的大多数RDH 方法在嵌入秘密信息后会明显增加载密图像的存储空间，对基于离散余弦变换（DCT, discrete cosine transform）系数嵌入的方法来说，如何选择频段位置是影响 JPEG图像可逆信息隐藏性能的关键问题。提出一种基于最优DCT频段嵌入的JPEG图像可逆信息隐藏方法。将熵解码后的JPEG图像分割成大小为8×8非重叠的DCT块，计算每个DCT块的平均纹理复杂度并进行升序排序，并将相邻DCT块中相同频段的交流系数（AC, alternating current）进行两两配对，在满足待嵌入信息容量的条件下，根据AC系数频段的失真代价函数求出最优 AC 系数频段位置集合。根据所设计的二维直方图映射策略嵌入秘密信息。实验结果表明，与现有方法相比，所提方法不仅降低了载密图像文件存储大小的扩展，且载密图像能够保持良好的视觉质量。

关键词: JPEG图像, 可逆信息隐藏, 二维直方图, 平均纹理复杂度

Abstract:

Joint photographic experts group (JPEG) images are widely used on the Internet due to their ability to maintain good picture quality while requiring less storage space.Reversible data hiding (RDH) techniques for JPEG images enable the hiding and extraction of secret information while allowing for lossless restoration of the original image.RDH is of great significance in file management and image authentication.However, many existing RDH methods result in a significant increase in the storage space of the encoded image after embedding secret information.For methods based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient embedding, the key issue that affects the performance of reversible information hiding in JPEG images is how to select the frequency band position.A reversible information hiding method for JPEG images was proposed, based on optimal DCT frequency embedding.The entropy decoded JPEG image was divided into 8×8 non-overlapping DCT blocks.The average texture complexity of each DCT block was calculated and ordered in ascending order.Then the alternating current (AC) in adjacent DCT blocks was paired pairwise.By satisfying the capacity of the information to be embedded, the optimal AC coefficient frequency position set was obtained from the distortion cost function of the AC coefficient frequency.The secret information was embedded according to the designed two-dimensional histogram mapping strategy.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce the expansion of the loaded image file’s storage size compared to existing methods, while maintaining good visual quality of the cover image.

Key words: JPEG image, reversible data hiding, two-dimensional histogram, average texture complexity

中图分类号:

TP393

周子扬, 谭云, 秦姣华, 向旭宇. 基于最优DCT频段嵌入的JPEG图像可逆信息隐藏方法[J]. 网络与信息安全学报, 2023, 9(4): 166-177.

Ziyang ZHOU, Yun TAN, Jiaohua QIN, Xuyu XIANG. JPEG reversible data hiding method based on optimal DCT frequency embedding[J]. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security, 2023, 9(4): 166-177.

图/表 13

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

表1

不同质量因子时，6种不同方法下文件大小扩展值的比较Table 1 Comparison of file storage size growth under six different methods with different quality factors"

图像	方法	嵌入容量/bit（QF = 70）			嵌入容量/bit（QF = 80）			嵌入容量/bit（QF = 90）
图像	方法	5 000	8000	11 000	10 000	13 000	16 000	15 000	18 000	21 000
	文献[15]	6 904	11 272	15 416	13 960	18 440	22 736	21 904	25 000	30 464
	文献[16]	6 512	10 504	14 512	12 936	17 400	21 736	19 904	24 440	28 864
Lena	文献[17]	6 712	10 904	15 288	14 088	18 424	22 288	18 712	25 376	29 160
	文献[18]	6 496	10 304	14 760	12 848	17 384	21 576	19 792	23 928	28 768
	文献[19]	6 992	10 688	15 104	12 392	16 984	21 552	18 416	23 312	27 960
	本文	$5 904$	$9 760$	$13 896$	$12 152$	$16 688$	$20 760$	$17 488$	$21 080$	$25 472$
	文献[15]	7 416	11 600	15 568	14 304	18 648	23 072	22 656	27 000	31 256
	文献[16]	6 304	10 080	14 168	14 064	16 896	19 768	20 024	23 432	28 376
Peppers	文献[17]	7 080	11 296	15 184	13 808	17 896	21 056	18 968	23 360	28 392
	文献[18]	5 824	9 928	14 144	12 448	16 536	20 168	20 448	24 856	30 240
	文献[19]	6 216	10 192	14 168	11 232	15 896	20 344	18 872	22 248	27 208
	本文	$5 616$	$9 272$	$12 984$	$11 904$	$15 224$	$19 136$	$17 216$	$20 608$	$25 432$
	文献[15]	7 368	11 600	15 952	14 312	18 352	22 976	21 120	25 024	29 984
	文献[16]	6 096	10 760	14 320	12 456	16 832	21 592	19 688	23 152	27 808
Tiffany	文献[17]	7 112	11 496	15 440	13 352	17 488	22 544	18 920	23 152	28 152
	文献[18]	6 256	10 584	14 496	12 912	16 952	21 816	19 104	24 536	28 504
	文献[19]	6 992	10 688	15 104	12 208	17 576	21 648	18 408	23 120	28 640
	本文	$6 080$	$9 720$	$14 400$	$11 848$	$16 496$	$21 176$	$17 032$	$21 376$	$26 368$
	文献[15]	7 632	11 928	16 592	14 632	20 144	25 168	25 840	30 824	35 960
	文献[16]	7 824	11 400	17 952	17 072	21 728	26 528	30 240	34 720	38 640
Baboon	文献[17]	6 992	10 984	15 752	14 472	19 880	25 056	25 552	30 808	35 504
	文献[18]	$6 408$	10 832	15 648	14 120	18 600	23 360	24 056	$29 240$	34 360
	文献[19]	6 856	11 312	15 328	13 184	18 648	24 192	24 200	29 720	35 224
	本文	6 512	$10 024$	$14 160$	$12 544$	$16 856$	$21 104$	$24 208$	$29 240$	$33 760$
	文献[15]	7 696	11 288	14 440	13 400	17 480	20 624	21 312	24 720	28 776
	文献[16]	6 840	9 112	13 872	11 504	15 000	19 496	17 096	22 144	25 080
Airplane	文献[17]	7 000	10 504	14 912	12 472	15 352	20 936	19 128	23 656	27 728
	文献[18]	5 920	9 848	14 224	11 408	15 928	20 616	18 616	22 336	26 456
	文献[19]	6 304	9 864	14 944	11 432	15 112	20 288	18 240	21 632	25 616
	本文	$5 120$	$8 928$	$13 400$	$10 216$	$14 632$	$19 016$	$15 168$	$19 800$	$24 232$
	文献[15]	7 403	11 537	15 593	14 121	18 612	22 915	22 566	26 513	31 288
	文献[16]	6 627	10 371	14 964	13 605	17 571	21 616	21 390	24 936	29 753
平均值	文献[17]	6 979	11 036	15 315	13 638	17 808	22 376	20 256	25 270	29 787
	文献[18]	6 180	10 299	14 654	12 747	17 080	21 507	20 403	24 979	29 665
	文献[19]	6 672	10 548	14 929	12 089	16 843	21 604	19 627	24 006	28 929
	本文	$5 846$	$9 540$	$13 768$	$11 732$	$15 979$	$20 238$	$18 222$	$22 420$	$27 052$

表1

图8

图9

表2

不同质量因子时，6种方法下峰值信噪比的比较Table 2 Comparison of peak signal-to-noise ratio under six methods with different quality factors"

图像	方法	嵌入容量/bit（QF = 70）			嵌入容量/bit（QF = 80）			嵌入容量/bit（QF = 90）
图像	方法	5 000	8 000	11 000	10 000	13 000	16 000	15 00015 000	18 00018 000	21 000
	文献[15]	48.186 1	45.336 4	43.165 4	47.141 8	45.313 3	43.613 0	48.616 3	47.527 4	46.321 1
	文献[16]	46.880 4	44.571 8	42.484 4	45.828 2	44.493 6	43.175 8	47.808 1	47.137 1	46.386 6
Lena	文献[17]	48.581 0	45.628 9	43.435 3	47.320 8	45.498 6	43.807 9	48.853 8	47.607 3	46.390 1
	文献[18]	$49 . 046 6$	$45 . 910 6$	$43 . 737 1$	$47 . 665 2$	$45 . 763 5$	$44 . 071 1$	49.144 3	47.829 1	46.640 3
	文献[19]	48.720 8	45.781 6	43.485 0	47.491 9	45.638 8	44.070 1	$49 . 615 4$	$48 . 321 7$	$47 . 061 7$
	本文	48.502 1	45.573 2	43.164 6	47.216 4	45.290 5	43.581 1	49.137 0	47.818 7	46.539 4
	文献[15]	48.005 5	45.514 7	43.453 0	46.714 3	45.138 5	43.647 1	46.693 0	45.587 4	44.570 0
	文献[16]	47.658 9	44.934 6	43.161 9	45.905 3	45.345 3	43.912 2	48.070 2	47.177 3	46.210 1
Peppers	文献[17]	48.654 6	46.043 6	44.053 9	47.270 2	45.649 6	44.269 1	47.943 0	46.771 0	45.695 7
	文献[18]	$49 . 384 9$	$46 . 610 6$	$44 . 486 9$	$47 . 676 2$	$45 . 974 6$	44.589 7	47.716 0	46.398 4	45.175 1
	文献[19]	49.044 7	46.217 9	44.217 9	47.622 8	45.973 4	$44 . 537 1$	$48 . 998 3$	$47 . 847 9$	$46 . 755 7$
	本文	48.967 2	46.168 8	44.053 8	47.375 9	45.809 3	44.322 1	48.418 2	47.330 9	46.278 0
	文献[15]	48.142 0	44.949 2	42.632 8	46.717 3	44.817 4	43.206 4	48.703 6	47.421 7	46.197 0
	文献[16]	47.143 4	45.047 0	43.053 5	46.647 1	45.105 5	43.653 9	48.632 8	47.568 1	46.513 7
Tiffany	文献[17]	48.719 9	45.747 6	43.620 1	47.551 5	45.613 1	43.805 7	49.215 8	47.943 0	46.631 4
	文献[18]	$49 . 302 2$	$46 . 211 0$	$43 . 928 9$	$47 . 815 7$	$45 . 929 0$	44.028 7	49.435 6	47.957 3	46.591 7
	文献[19]	48.821 4	45.865 3	43.683 8	47.720 3	45.865 8	$44 . 265 6$	$49 . 702 0$	$48 . 408 3$	$47 . 169 4$
	本文	48.943 8	45.765 1	43.439 5	47.511 3	45.453 2	43.811 6	49.544 4	48.143 4	46.696 0
	文献[15]	45.384 2	42.547 2	40.107 5	42.689 6	40.654 5	39.033 7	42.729 6	41.404 4	40.332 2
	文献[16]	42.886 5	40.899 0	38.903 6	41.139 2	39.997 0	38.861 6	41.942 3	40.869 5	40.199 2
Baboon	文献[17]	45.765 4	42.851 2	40.584 2	42.861 6	40.770 8	39.165 4	42.717 2	41.474 5	40.373 1
	文献[18]	$46 . 132 1$	43.163 6	40.846 1	43.104 5	41.159 6	39.574 7	43.046 3	41.725 6	40.603 9
	文献[19]	46.007 7	$43 . 191 9$	$41 . 059 0$	$43 . 481 0$	$41 . 570 4$	$39 . 911 7$	$43 . 428 5$	$42 . 117 3$	$40 . 987 1$
	本文	45.795 2	42.865 9	40.603 9	42.779 8	40.771 9	39.228 5	42.661 2	41.392 5	40.307 7
	文献[15]	49.826 2	47.525 2	44.137 4	48.993 7	47.532 1	46.069 2	50.429 9	49.448 2	48.678 5
	文献[16]	49.674 4	47.001 2	44.708 5	48.999 3	47.455 7	45.336 1	50.174 5	49.780 9	48.965 3
平均值	文献[17]	50.032 9	47.629 7	45.209 7	49.188 0	47.750 9	46.175 5	50.839 7	49.838 8	48.976 3
	文献[18]	$50 . 527 8$	$47 . 945 2$	$45 . 471 5$	$49 . 594 7$	$47 . 988 7$	$46 . 282 7$	$51 . 125 0$	50.012 8	49.022 6
	文献[19]	50.073 5	47.726 8	45.159 1	49.344 6	47.873 6	46.242 9	51.048 6	$50 . 058 1$	$49 . 194 7$
	本文	50.471 0	47.753 9	44.676 6	49.430 8	47.797 1	45.809 8	51.049 6	50.014 6	49.111 9
	文献[15]	47.908 8	45.174 5	42.699 2	46.451 3	44.691 1	43.113 8	47.434 4	46.277 8	45.219 7
	文献[16]	46.848 7	44.490 7	42.462 3	45.703 8	44.479 4	42.987 9	47.325 5	46.506 5	45.654 9
Average	文献[17]	48.350 7	45.580 2	43.380 6	46.838 4	45.056 6	43.444 7	47.913 9	46.726 9	45.613 3
	文献[18]	$48 . 878 7$	$45 . 968 2$	$43 . 694 1$	$47 . 171 2$	45.363 0	$43 . 909 3$	48.093 4	46.782 6	45.606 7
	文献[19]	48.525 9	45.756 7	43.520 9	47.132 1	$45 . 384 4$	43.805 4	48.558 5	$47 . 350 6$	$46 . 233 7$
	本文	48.535 8	45.625 3	43.187 6	46.862 8	45.024 4	43.350 6	48.162 0	46.940 0	45.786 6

表2

表3

图10

参考文献 28

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QF	平均嵌入时间/s
QF	文献[15]	文献[16]	文献[17]	文献[18]	文献[19]	本文
70	0.08	0.19	18.65	27.03	43.70	10.44
80	0.10	0.22	21.37	25.59	55.55	11.62
90	0.12	0.21	19.67	36.72	65.21	14.15