用于大容量光传输系统的新型光纤

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0801.2014.06.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

多媒体和数据应用程序的快速扩展，驱动骨干网的带宽需求量以前所未有的速率增长。骨干容量增长的同时也给数据中心的带宽和互联带来了更多的挑战。目前光纤制造厂商正不断改善光纤的性能，以满足长途和短距离应用的需求。短期内通过改进传统光纤技术虽然可增加系统容量，但研究表明，单模光纤的传输容量正快速接近香农理论极限。采用空分复用的光纤技术可以克服该限制，为未来的容量增长提供新的解决方案。在本文中，将讨论提高光纤传输系统容量的新型光纤。对应用于长途传输的常规光纤而言，先进的数字信号处理可对色散和偏振模色散等损伤进行完全补偿，因此光纤的衰减和有效面积成为可进一步优化的参数，讨论以上两个参数的品质因数，总结超低损耗和大有效面积光纤的最新研究成果。对于短距离应用，回顾提高多模光纤带宽的方法，讨论多模光纤的发展趋势。对于下一代光纤，重点研究可实现空分复用技术的多芯和少模光纤，该技术可增加系统容量一个数量级。阐述多芯和少模光纤的设计思路，总结该技术的最新进展，最后讨论使用多芯和少模光纤所面临的主要挑战。

关键词: 超低损耗光纤, 大有效面积光纤, 空间复用, 多芯光纤, 少模光纤

Abstract:

Novel optical fibers for increasing capacity for transmission system was discussed.For conventional fibers for long haul transmission,because transmission impairments such as chromatic dispersion,polarization-mode dispersion can be perfectly compensated for by digital signal processing,the only fiber parameters that can be optimized further are fiber attenuation and effective area.System figure of merit for the two parameters was discussed and recent results on ultra-low loss and large effective area fibers were presented.For short reach applications,the current efforts in improving multimode fiber bandwidth were reviewed and new trends in multimode fibers to meet future bandwidth demand were discussed.For next generation fibers,multicore and few mode fibers for space division multiplexing would be focused on,which has the potential to increase the capacity by an order of magnitude.Fiber design considerations were presented and recent progress on multicore and few mode fibers was reviewed.Finally,major challenges in space division multiplexing applications using multicore and few mode fibers were discussed.

Key words: ultra-low loss fiber, large effective area fiber, space division multiplexing, multicore fiber, few mode fiber

李明军,陈皓. 用于大容量光传输系统的新型光纤[J]. 电信科学, 2014, 30(6): 1-15.

Mingjun Li,Hao Chen. Novel Optical Fibers for High-Capacity Transmission System[J]. Telecommunications Science, 2014, 30(6): 1-15.

图/表 23

图1

图2

图3

图4

表1

图5

表2

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

图12

表3

图13

图14

图15

图16

表4

图17

图18

表5

参考文献 92

1	Kapron F P , Keck D B , Maurer R D . Radiation losses in glass optical waveguides. Trunk Telecom Guided Waves, 1970（1）:148～153
2	Richardson D J , Fini J M , Nelson L E . Space-division multiplexing in optical fibers. Nature Photonics, 2013（7）:354～362
3	Sanferrare R J . Terrestrial lightwave systems. AT＆T Tech Journal, 1987,66（1）:95～107
4	Joyce W B , Dixon R W , Hartman R L . Statistical characterization of the lifetimes of continuously operate（Al,Ga）as double-heterostructure lasers. Applications Physical Letters, 1976,28（11）:684～686
5	Joyce W B , Dixon R W , Hartman R L . Continuously operated （Al,Ga）as double-heterostructure lasers with 70oC lifetimes as long as two years. Applications Physical Letters, 1977,31（11）:756～759
6	Horiguchi M , Osanai H . Spectral losses of low-OH-content optical fibres. Electronic Letters, 1976（12）:310～312
7	Miya T , Terunuma Y , Hosaka T , et al. Ultimate low-loss single-mode fibers at 1.55 mm. Electronic Letters, 1979（15）:106～108
8	Tynes A R , Derosier R M . Low-loss splices for single mode fibers. Electronic Letters, 1977,13（22）:673～674
9	Tusuchiya J , Hayakayama I . Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on Optical Fiber Transmission II,PD1-1, Williamsburg,VA, 1977
10	Ainslie B J , Beales K J , Day C R , et al. The design and fabrication of monomode optical fiber. IEEE Journal on Quantum Electronic, 1982（QE-18）:514～521
11	Lazay P D , Pearson A D . Developments in single mode fiber design,materials,and performance at Bell Laboratory. IEEE Journal on Quantum Electronic, 1982（QE-18）:504～510
12	Keiser G . Optical Fiber Communications. New York:Academic, 1985
13	Miller C A , Reeve M H , Hornung S , et al. Optimum design of 1.3μm and 1.55μm monomode fiber. Proceedings of Sixth Top Meetings on Optical Fiber Communication,OFC'83, New Orleans,LA-l, 1983
14	Bhagavatula V H , Keck D B , Westwig R A , et al. Step index single mode waveguide design study. Proceedings of Sixth Top Meetings on Optical Fiber Communication,OFC'82, Phoenix,AZ, 1982
15	Cohen L G , Lin C , French W G . Tailoring zero chromatic dispersion into the 1.5～1.6pm low-loss spectral region of single-mode fibers. Electronic Letters, 1979（15）:334～335
16	Gambling W A , Matsumura H , Ragdale C M . Zero total dispersion in graded-index single mode fibers. Electronic Letters, 1979（15）:474～476
17	Francois P L . Zero dispersion in attenuation optimized doubly clad fibers. Journal on Lightwave Technology, 1983（1）:26～37
18	Bhagavatula V A , Blaszyk P E . Single-mode fiber with segmented core. Proceedings of Sixth Top Meetings on Optical Fiber Communication,OFC'83, New Orleans,LA-l 1983
19	Bhagavatula V A , Spotz M S , Quinn D E . Uniform waveguide dispersion segmented-core designs for dispersion-shifted single-mode fibers. Proceedings of Seventh Top Meetings on Optical Fiber Communication,OFC'84, New Orleans,LA, 1984
20	Cooper D M , Craig S P , Day C R , et al. Multiple index structures for dispersion-shifted single-mode fibers. Proceedings of Eighth Top Meetings on Optical Fiber Communication,OFC'85, San Diego,CA, 1985
21	Cooper D M , Craig S P , Ainslie B J , et al. Dispersion shifted single-mode fibers using multiple index structures. Britain Telecom Technology Journal, 1985（3）:52～58
22	Desurvire E , Simpson J R , Becker P C . High-gain erbium-doped traveling-wave fiber amplifier. Optical Letters, 1987,12（1）:888～890
23	Mears R J , Reekie L , Jauncey I M , et al. Low-noise erbium-doped fiber amplifier operating at 1.54μm. Electronic Letters, 1987,23（19）:1026～1028
24	Taga H , Yamamoto S , Mochizuki M , et al. 2.4Gbit/s 1.55μm WDM bidirectional optical fiber transmission experiment. Transactions on IEICE, 1988,E71（10）:940～942
25	Tkach R W , Chraplyvy A R , Forghieri F , et al. Four-photon mixing and high-speed WDM systems. Journal on Lightwave Technology, 1995,13（5）:841～849
26	Agrawal G P . Nonlinear Fiber Optics. San Diego,CA:Academic Press, 1989
27	Newhouse M A , Button L J , Chowdhury D Q , et al. Optical amplifiers and fibers for multi-wavelength systems. Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1995（2）:44～45
28	Nouchi P , Sansonetti P , Landais S , et al. Low-loss single-mode fiber with high nonlinear effective area. Proceedings of OFC'95, San Diego,USA, 1995:260～261
29	Da Silva V L , Liu Y , Chowdhury D Q , et al. Error free WDM transmission of 8×10Gbit/s over km of LEAFTM optical fiber. Proceedings of 23rd European Conference on Optical Communications, Edinburgh, 1997:154～158
30	Peckham D W , Judy A F , Kummer R B . Reduced dispersion slope,non-zero dispersion fiber. Proceedings of ECOC'98, Madrid,Spain, 1998:139～140
31	Liu Y . Dispersion shifted large-effective-area fiber for amplified high-capacity long-distance systems. Proceedings of OFC'97, Dallas,Texas, Feb 1997
32	Nouchi P . Maximum effective area for non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber. Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibit,OFC'98,Technical Digest, San Jose,CA,USA, 1998:303～304
33	Nouchi P , Sansonetti P , Von Wirth J , et al. New dispersion shifted fiber with effective area larger than 90 μm2. Proceedings of ECOC'96, New York,USA, 1996:49～52
34	Liu Y , Berkey G . Single-mode dispersion-shifted fibers with effective area over 100 μm2. Proceedings of ECOC'98, Madrid,Spain, 1998:41～42
35	Kahn J , Ho K P . Spectral efficiency limits and modulation/detection techniques for DWDM systems. IEEE Journals on Select Topics on Quantum Electronic, 2004（10）:259～272
36	Tsukamoto S , Katoh K , Kikuchi K . Coherent demodulation of optical multilevel phase-shift-keying signals using homodyne detection and digital signal processing. IEEE Photon Technology Letters, 2006（18）:1113～1133
37	Essiambre R J , Tkach R W . Capacity trends and limits of optical communication networks. Proceedings of IEEE, 2012（100）:1035～1055
38	Li M J , Nolan D A . Optical transmission fiber design evolution. Journal on Lightwave Technology, 2008（26）:1079～1092
39	Abbott J , Bickham S , Dainese R D , et al. Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIA. New York:Academic Press, 2013
40	Li M J . MMF for high data rate and short length applications. Proceedings of OFC2014, San Francisco,California,USA, 2014
41	Tateda M , Ohashi M , Tajima K , et al. Design of viscosity-matched optical fibers. IEEE Photon Technology Letters, 1992,4（9）:1023～1025
42	Maksimov L , Anan'ev A , Bogdanov V , et al. Inhomogeneous structure of inorganic glasses studied by Rayleigh,Mandel' shtam-Brillouin,Raman scattering spectroscopy,and acoustic methods. Materials Science and Engineering, 2011（25）
43	Kakiuchida H , Sekiya E H , Saito K , et al. Effect of chlorine on rayleigh scattering reduction in silica glass. Jpn J Appl Phys, 2003（42）:1526～1528
44	Lines M E . Can the minimum attenuation of fused silica be significantly reduced by small compositional variations. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1994（171）:209～218
45	Bickham S R . Ultimate limits of effective area and attenuation for high data rate fibers. Proceedings of OFC/NFOEC2010, San Diego,California,USA, 2010
46	Bigot-Astruc M . Trench-assisted profiles for large-effective-area single-mode fibers. Proceedings of ECOC2008, Brussels,Belgium, 2008
47	Tosco F . CSELT Fiber Optic Communications Handbook. McGraw-Hill TAB Books, 1990
48	Olshansky R . Distortion losses in cabled optical fibers. Application Optical, 1975,14（1）:20～21
49	Downie J D . 12 Gbit/s PM-QPSK transmission systems with reach lengths enabled by optical fibers with ultra-low loss and very large effective area. Proceedings of SPIE, San Diego,California,USA, 2012
50	Downie J D , Hurley J , Cartledge J , et al. 40×112Gbit/s Transmission over an unrepeatered 365 km effective area-managed Span comprised of ultra-low loss optical fiber. Proceedings of ECOC2010, Turin,Italy, 2010
51	Downie J D , Hurley J E , Cartledge J , et al. Transmission of 112Gbit/s PM-QPSK signals over 7 200km of optical fiber with very large effective area and ultra-low loss in 100km Spans with EDFAs only. Proceedings of OFC2011, Los Angeles,California,USA, 2011
52	Downie J D , Hurley J , Cartledge J C , et al. 112Gbit/s PM-QPSK transmission up to 6000km with 200km amplifier spacing and a hybrid fiber Span configuration. Proceedings of ECOC2011, Geneva,Switzerland, 2011
53	Salsi M , Koebele C , Tran P , et al. 80×100Gbit/s transmission over 9 000km using erbium-doped fiber repeaters only. Proceedings of ECOC2010, Turin,Italy, 2010
54	Qian D , Huang M , Zhang S , et al. Transmission of 115×100Gbit/s PDM-8QAM-OFDM channels with 4bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency over 10 181km. Proceedings of 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications, Geneva,Switzerland, Sep 2011
55	Zhang C L , Li J J , Huo X L , et al. 112Gbit/s PDM-QPSK transmission over 3 000km of G.652 ultra-low-loss fiber with 125km EDFA amplified Spans and coherent detection. Proceedings of OECC2011, Kaohsiung,Taiwan,China, 2011
56	Oshansky R , Keck D B . Pulse broadening in graded-index optical fibers. Application Optical, 1976,15（2）:491～493
57	Molin D . Chromatic dispersion compensated multimode fibers for data communications. Proceedings of ECOC2011, Geneva,Switzerland, 2011
58	Chen X , Li M J , Hurley J E , et al. Chromatic dispersion compensated 25Gbit/s multimode VCSEL transmission around 850 nm with a MMF jumper. Proceedings of OFC/NFOEC2013, Los Angeles,California,USA, 2013
59	Ledentsov N N . Progress on single mode VCSELs for data and telecommunications. Proceedings of SPIE, San Diego,California,USA, 2012
60	Li M J , Tandon P , Bookbinder D C , et al. Designs of bend-insensitive multimode fibers. Proceedings of OFC/NFOEC2011, Los Angeles,California,USA, 2011
61	Sim D H , Takushima Y , Chung Y C . 100Gbit/s transmission over 12.2km of multimode fiber using mode-field matched center launching technique. Proceedings of OECC/IOOC2007, Yokohama,Japan, 2007
62	Chen X . 25Gbit/s transmission over 820m of MMF using a multimode launch from an integrated silicon photonics transceiver. Proceedings of ECOC2013, London,UK, 2013
63	Kise T . Development of 1060nm 25Gbit/s VCSEL and demonstration of 300m and 500m system reach using MMFs and link optimized for 1060nm. Proceedings of OFC2014, San Francisco,California,United States, 2014
64	Dainese P . Novel optical fiber design for low-cost optical interconnects in consumer applications. Optics Express, 2012,20（24）:26528～26541
65	Berdague S , Facq P . Mode division multiplexing in optical fibers. Application Optical, 1982,21（11）:1950～1955
66	Stuart H R . Dispersive multiplexing in multimode optical fiber. Science, 2000（289）:281～283
67	Li M J , Ip E , Huang Y . Large effective area FMF with low DMGD. Invited Talk,IEEE Summer Topicals 2013, Waikoloa HI, Jul 2013
68	Li M J . Low delay and large effective area few-mode fibers for mode-division multiplexing. Proceedings of OECC2012,Seo-gu, Daejeon,Korea, 2012
69	Bai N . Mode-division multiplexed transmission with inline few mode fiber amplifier. Optical Expres, 2012（20）:2668～2680
70	Gruner-Nielsen L . Few mode transmission fiber with low DGD,low mode coupling,and low loss. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2012（30）:3693～3698
71	Sillard P , Molin D , Bigot-Astruc M , et al. Low-DMGD 6-LP-mode fiber. Proceedings of OFC2014, California,United States, 2014
72	Mori T , Sakamoto T , Wada M , et al. Six-LP-mode transmission fiber with DMD of less than 70 ps/km over C +L band. Proceedings of OFC2014, San Francisco,California,United States, 2014
73	Sakamoto T . Differential mode delay managed transmission line for wide-band WDM-MIMO system. Proceedings of OFC/NFOEC2012, Los Angeles,California,USA, 2012
74	Ip E . 146λ×6×19-Gbaud wavelength-and mode-division multiplexed transmission over 10×50km spans of few-mode fiber with a gain-equalized few-mode EDFA. Anaheim,CA,USA, 2013
75	Ryf R . 32bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency WDM transmission over 177km few-mode fiber. Proceedings of OFC2013, Anaheim,CA,USA, 2013
76	Sleiffer V , Jung Y , Veljanovski V , et al. 73.7Tbit/s（96×3×256Gbit/s）mode-division-multiplexed DP-16QAM transmission with inline MM-EDFA. Proceedings of ECOC2012, Amsterdam,The Netherlands, 2012
77	Randel S , Ryf R , Gnauck A , et al. Mode-multiplexed 6×20-GBd QPSK transmission over 1 200km DGD-compensated few-mode fiber. Proceedings of OFC2012, Los Angeles,California,USA, 2012
78	Marcuse D . Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguide,2nd Edition. Academic Press, 1991
79	Takenaga K , Arakawa Y , Tanigawa S , et al. An investigation on crosstalk in multi-core fibers by introducing random fluctuation along longitudinal direction. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 2011（E94-B）:409～416
80	Imamura K , Mukasa K , Yagi T . Investigation on multi-core fibers with large Aeff and low micro bending loss. Proceedings of OFC2010, Los Angeles,California,USA, 2010
81	Hayashi T , Taru T , Shimakawa O , et al. Design and fabrication of ultra-low crosstalk and low-loss multi-core fiber. Optical Express, 2011,19（17）:16576～16592
82	Saitoh K , Koshiba M , Takenaga K , et al. Crosstalk and core density in uncoupled multicore fibers. Photon Technology Letters, 2012,24（2）:1898～1901
83	Imamura K , Mukasa K , Yagi T . Effective space division multiplexing by multi-core fibers. Proceedings of ECOC2010, Turin,Italy, 2010
84	Takara H . 1.01Pbit/s（12SDM/222WDM/456Gbit/s） crosstalk-managed transmission with 91.4bit/s/Hz aggregate spectral efficiency. Proceedings of ECOC2012, Amsterdam,The Netherlands, 2012
85	Qian F P , Keck D B , Maurer R D . 1.05Pbit/s transmission with 109bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency using hybrid single and few-mode cores. Frontiers in Optics 2012, 2012
86	Takahashi H . First demonstration of MC-EDFA repeatered SDM transmission of 40×128Gbit/s PDM-QPSK signals per core over 6 160km 7-core MCF. Proceedings of ECOC2012, Amsterdam,The Netherlands, 2012
87	Sakaguchi J . 305Tbit/s space division multiplexed transmission using homogeneous 19-core fiber. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2013,3（4）:554～562
88	Rosinski B , Chi J D , Grosso P , et al. Multichannel transmission of a multi-core fiber coupled with VCSEL. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1999,17（5）:807～810
89	Zhu B , Taunay T F , Yan M F , et al. 70Gbit/s multicore multimode fiber transmissions for optical data links. IEEE Photon Technol Lett, 2010,22（22）:1647～1649
90	Li M J , Hoover B , Nazarov V N , et al. Multi-core fiber for optical interconnect applications. Proceedings of OECC2012, Seogu,Daejeon,Korea, 2012
91	Butler D L , Li M J , Li S P , et al. Multicore optical fiber and connectors for high bandwidth density,short reach optical links. Proceedings of IEEE Photonics Conference 2012, San Diego,California,USA, 2012
92	Egorova O N , Semjonov S L , Senatorov A K , et al. Multi-core fiber with rectangular cross-section. Optical Letters, 2014,39（7）:2168～2170

光纤	纤芯?₀	纤芯直径/μm	多模满注入带宽/MHz·km		有效模式带宽/MHz·km	850 nm链路距离/m
光纤	纤芯?₀	纤芯直径/μm	850 nm	1 310 nm	850 nm	1 Gbit/s	10 Gbit/s	40 Gbit/s	100 Gbit/s
OM1	2%	62.5	200	500	N/A	275	33	N/A	N/A
OM2	1%	50	500	500	N/A	550	82	N/A	N/A
OM3	1%	50	1 500	500	2 000	N/A	300	100	100
OM4	1%	50	3 500	500	4 700	N/A	550	150	150

光纤	1 550 nm的LP₀₁ MFD/μm	1 550 nm的LP₀₁有效面积/μm²	LP₀₁色散/（ps（nm·km）^-1）	LP₁₁截止波长/μm	1 550 nm的LP₁₁有效面积/μm²	LP₁₁色散/（ps（nm·km）^-1）	1 500 nm的DMGD/（ps·km^-1）	1 550 nm的DMGD/（ps·km^-1）	1 600 nm的DMGD/（ps·km^-1）	1 550 nm的DMGD斜率/（ps·（nm·km）^-1）
0	15.0	177	21.0	4.085	238	21.1	-0.76	0.39	0.68	0.019 1
1	15.3	186	21.2	4.178	242	21.4	0.101 2	0.105 7	0.109 4	0.061 23
2	14.7	168	20.9	3.976	234	20.8	-0.124 3	-0.126 9	-0.130 4	-0.043 63

	光纤					系统					参考文献
模数数量	差分模式集群时延/（ps·km^-1）	跨距/km	模式复用/解复用	放大器	传输速率/（Gbit·s^-1）	信道数/个	信道间隔/GHz	传输距离/km	总承载量/（Tbit·s^-1）	光谱效率/（bit·Hz^-1）	参考文献
3	25	50	相位板	FM EDFA	76	146	25	500	66.57	18.2	74
						16		1 000	7.30
6	183	59	3D波导	SM EDFA	128	32	25	177	26.4	33.0	75
3	5.4	84,35	相位板	FM EDFA	128	96	50	119	57.6	12	76
3	50	30	相位板	SM EDFA	80	1		1 200	0.19		77

[1]	高宇洋, 李巨浩, 何永琪, 陈章渊. 短距离弱耦合空分复用实时光传输技术[J]. 电信科学, 2022, 38(7): 31-36.
[2]	赖俊森,汤瑞,吴冰冰,吴文宣,李宏发,刘国军,赵文玉,张海懿. 光纤通信空分复用技术研究进展分析[J]. 电信科学, 2017, 33(9): 118-135.
[3]	罗鸣,贺志学,胡荣,刘武,杨奇,余少华. 面向单纤100 Tbit/s容量的光传输技术[J]. 电信科学, 2015, 31(10): 49-56.