基于BB84态的量子匿名一票否决协议

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2022157

通信学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (8): 109-120.doi: 10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2022157

基于BB84态的量子匿名一票否决协议

石润华, 于辉, 柯唯阳, 徐小桐

华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院，北京 102206

修回日期:2022-08-04 出版日期:2022-08-25 发布日期:2022-08-01
作者简介:石润华（1974- ），男，安徽安庆人，博士，华北电力大学教授、博士生导师，主要研究方向为经典量子密码算法、协议及其应用
于辉（1998- ），女，满族，河北唐山人，华北电力大学硕士生，主要研究方向为量子投票协议
柯唯阳（1996- ），男，陕西宝鸡人，华北电力大学硕士生，主要研究方向为测量设备无关的密码学、量子投票协议
徐小桐（1997- ），女，河北武安人，华北电力大学硕士生，主要研究方向为量子投票协议
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(61772001)

Quantum anonymous one-vote veto protocol based on BB84 states

Runhua SHI, Hui YU, Weiyang KE, Xiaotong XU

School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

Revised:2022-08-04 Online:2022-08-25 Published:2022-08-01
Supported by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61772001)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了构造无条件安全的一票否决协议，首先定义了一个安全多方计算原子协议，即安全多方析取。借助量子云，提出了量子安全多方析取协议，使用BB84态作为量子资源，且只需单光子操作和测量。针对现有绝大多数量子投票协议需对高维空间粒子执行复杂的操作和测量从而导致可实现性较差的缺陷，利用所提出的量子安全多方析取协议来解决一票否决投票问题，提出了基于量子云的量子匿名一票否决协议。进一步，对协议去中心化处理，提出了一种不需要第三方协助的量子匿名一票否决协议。相较于目前类似协议，所提协议所需量子资源少且操作简单，具有较好的可实现性。在半诚实模型下，对所提协议进行了安全性证明，利用量子完备加密和经典一次一密进行秘密信息编码，保证了协议的无条件安全，既满足了一票否决场景下的投票需求，又保护了投票者的绝对隐私。最后，使用IBM Qiskit进行了仿真实验，实验结果验证了所提协议的正确性和可行性。

关键词: 一票否决, 量子匿名投票, 单光子操作, 无条件安全

Abstract:

In order to construct unconditionally secure one-vote veto protocol, a primitive protocol of secure multiparty computations was defined, i.e., secure multiparty disjunction.Furthermore, by introducing a quantum cloud, a quantum secure multiparty disjunction (QSMD) protocol was proposed.BB84 states were took as quantum resources and only single-photon operations and measurements were needed.To avoid the flaws of infeasibility, i.e., most of existing quantum voting protocols need to perform operations and measurements in high-dimensional Hilbert space, a quantum anonymous one-vote veto protocol with a quantum cloud (QAOVC) was designed by using the QSMD protocol.In addition, to decentralize, a quantum anonymous one-vote veto (QAOV) protocol without any third party was presented.Compared with related protocols, the proposed protocols require less quantum resources and simpler operations, so they have better feasibility.Under the semi-honest model, quantum perfect encryption and classical one-time pad can ensure the unconditional security of the proposed protocols, i.e., it can completely meet secure requirements of one-vote veto and perfectly protect the privacy of the voters.Finally, simulation experiments are implemented on IBM Qiskit, and the experimental results show that the protocols are correct and feasible.

Key words: one-vote veto, quantum anonymous voting, single-photon operator, unconditional security

中图分类号:

TN918.1

石润华, 于辉, 柯唯阳, 徐小桐. 基于BB84态的量子匿名一票否决协议[J]. 通信学报, 2022, 43(8): 109-120.

Runhua SHI, Hui YU, Weiyang KE, Xiaotong XU. Quantum anonymous one-vote veto protocol based on BB84 states[J]. Journal on Communications, 2022, 43(8): 109-120.

图/表 7

表1

符号定义"

符号	含义
$x_{i}$	参与者的秘密输入（投票者Alice_i 的投票信息）
$X_{i}$	根据x_i生成的满足 $x_{i} = X_{i} [1] \lor X_{i} [2] \lor \dots \lor X_{i} [k]$ 的随机数构成的数组
$R_{i}$	决定单光子是否执行 $H$ 门变换的随机数构成的数组
$S_{i}$	决定单光子是否执行 $U_{Y}$ 算子变换的随机数构成的数组
t	量子云总共需生成的单光子数
h	用于身份认证的单光子数
k	用于传递信息的单光子数
q	用于窃听检测的单光子数
$I D$	身份认证信息
$r e s u l t$	所有投票者身份认证信息异或的正确结果
r	量子云计算的投票者身份认证信息异或的结果
c_i	Alice_i 保存到量子云（区块链）的承诺值
r_i	随机整数
ph	单光子
w	QSMD协议的输出（投票结果）
d	制备单光子的轮数

表1

图1

图2

图3

表2

图4

图5

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协议	量子资源	没有第三方	是否窃听检测	不泄露投票者隐私	投票者不需要制备量子态	通信复杂度
文献[17]	多粒子GHZ态	√	×	×	√	O(n²)
文献[18]	单光子	×	√	×	×	O(n²)
文献[30]	单光子	×	√	×	√	O(n²)
文献[31]	四粒子比特簇态	×	√	√	√	O(mn)
QAOVC协议	单光子	×	√	√	√	O(kn)
QAOV协议	单光子	√	√	√	×	O(kn)

基于BB84态的量子匿名一票否决协议

Quantum anonymous one-vote veto protocol based on BB84 states

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