智能网联车网络安全研究综述

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2020130

Abstract

Abstract:

Cyber attacks on vehicles not only cause privacy leaks and economic losses but also endanger human life and even rise to national public safety issues.Therefore,the research on the cybersecurity of intelligent and connected vehicle (ICV) has become a research hot spot.Firstly,the structural status and characteristics of the in-vehicle network (IVN) in ICV were introduced,and the challenges and constraints of cybersecurity enhancement design for IVN were also presented.Secondly,focusing on the current functional safety and cybersecurity issues of IVN,a survey of the current cybersecurity enhancement researches for IVN was conducted.Finally,according to the characteristics of the IVN structure,some important research directions and suggestions about cybersecurity problems of ICV were pointed out from the three aspects of standard construction,functional safety and cybersecurity.

Key words: intelligent and connected vehicle, in-vehicle network, distributed real-time system, cybersecurity, functional safety critical system

CLC Number:

TP393

Wufei WU,Renfa LI,Gang ZENG,Yong XIE,Guoqi XIE. Survey of the intelligent and connected vehicle cybersecurity[J]. Journal on Communications, 2020, 41(6): 161-174.

Figures/Tables 10

References 100

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主流车载网络协议	最高带宽	最大数据负载/B	最小响应时间	实现技术	触发方式	最长总线/m	支持节点数/个	节点成本	可扩展性	扩展协议
LIN	1~20 kbit/s	8	12.8 ms	主从	轮询	40	16	低	高	无
CAN	10 kbit/s~1 Mbit/s	8	130 us	CSMA/CR	ET	40	128	中等	高	FTT-CAN^[17]、TTCAN^[18]、CAN-FD^[19]
FlexRay	10 Mbit/s	254	65 us	TDMA+CSMA	ET/TT	未定	>16	中等	中等	最新规范为V3.0.1^[13]
MOST	150 Mbit/s	3072	333 us	TDMA	TT	未定	64	高	低	MOST50^[20]、MOST150^[21]
Ethernet	1 Gbit/s	1500	12 us（1 GB）、120 us(100 MB)	CSMA	ET/TT	100	无特定	低	高	Ethernet AVB^[22]、Ethernet TSN^[14]、TTEthernet^[23]

类型	代表协议	应用领域	成本
A	LIN	车身，如行李箱开启关闭、车窗控制等数据量小的场合	低
B	低速CAN(SWC)、CAN2.0、TTP/A	车身电子，非诊断和安全关键数据	低
C	高速CAN（HSCAN）、TTP/C、CAN-FD	传动装置、移动装置、诊断、线控	中
	FlexRay	动力、底盘等硬实时和高可靠性要求领域	高
D	Safe-by-wire、Byte-flight	安全相关的实时和可靠领域	高
	MOST、IDB-1394、Ethernet	多媒体（音频、视频）	高

攻击方式	文献	时间	攻击入口	攻击模型	造成影响	CIA威胁
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	文献[31]	2018年	USB	逻辑缺陷	车载娱乐系统	保密性
近距离无线攻击	文献[32]	2015年	蓝牙	帧嗅听，消息重放、伪装	对汽车实现完整控制	完整性、机密性
近距离无线攻击	文献[33]	2010年	胎压监测系统（TMPS,tire pressure monitoring system）	嗅听，消息重放、伪装	对汽车造成安全威胁	完整性、机密性
远程无线攻击	文献[34]	2019年	远程无线	消息重放、伪装	对一辆行驶中的汽车进行了远程控制刹车攻击	完整性、机密性
	文献[35]	2016年	数字蜂窝、Wi-Fi	通过安卓手机远程控制	实现车身远程非法控制	完整性、机密性
	文献[36]	2017年	Wi-Fi	通过Wi-Fi接入	实现了远程对车载CAN的接入，汽车功能控制	完整性、机密性
	文献[37]	2020年	Wi-Fi	Wi-Fi 协议栈漏洞利用	用户隐私数据泄露，威胁汽车功能安全系统运行	保密性、完整性

技术	应用范围	代表性文献及技术	信息安全性保障	特点及挑战
数据加密	数据链路层	轻量级AES^[58]、硬件密码加速模块^[59]、MAC分解传输^[60]	安全性、完整性、正确性	对网络消息传输安全性和完整性、正确性的增强，主要面临安全性与计算资源之间的平衡问题
消息认证	物理层、数据链路层	TESLA^[64]、MAuth-CAN^[65]、单向哈希链表^[66]	正确性	对网络消息传输的正确性的增强保护，主要面临网络带宽带来的设计约束问题
入侵检测	物理层、数据链路层、应用层	一类SVM^[90]、深度神经网络^[91]、贝叶斯网络^[92]、RNN-LSTM^[77]	可用性、完整性	对网络可用性和完整性的增强保护，当前主要挑战是提高检测精准度和稳健性，降低误报率和检测响应时间

Survey of the intelligent and connected vehicle cybersecurity

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[1]	Renchao XIE, Wen WEN, Qinqin TANG, Yunlong LIU, Gaochang XIE, Tao HUANG. Survey on rail transit mobile edge computing network security [J]. Journal on Communications, 2023, 44(4): 201-215.
[2]	Tao LI,Yuanbo GUO,Ankang JU. Knowledge triple extraction in cybersecurity with adversarial active learning [J]. Journal on Communications, 2020, 41(10): 80-91.