基于信任值的车联网分层共识优化协议

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2021097

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid development of Internet of vehicles, 5G and artificial intelligence technologies, intelligent transportation has become the development trend of transportation technology.As a vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-road information interaction platform, the Internet of vehicles is the basic support platform for intelligent traffic information sharing and processing.At the same time, the security of Internet of vehicles has attracted much attention, especially data security which may cause user privacy leakage.The blockchain technology has become a solution, but it still faces new challenges in efficiency, security and other aspects.With the increase of vehicle nodes and information, how to efficiently achieve information consensus in high-speed vehicle moving environment has become a key problem.Then a bottom-up RSU (road side unit) chain consensus protocol was proposed based on blockchain and trust value.Several typical consensus structures were compared, and bottom-up two-layer consensus structure was adopted according to the actual scenarios of the Internet of vehicles.Moreover, a group leader node election algorithm was proposed which is based on node participation, work completion and message value.The system security was ensured by assigning trust value to each vehicle.Following the consensus structure and algorithm work mentioned above, the specific process of the protocol was comprehensively described, which was divided into six steps: region division, group leader node selection, local consensus, leader primary node selection, global consensus, and intra-domain broadcast.Then the experiments were analyzed from four aspects: security, communication complexity, consensus algorithm delay and fault tolerance rate.Experiments showed that, compared with other schemes, the proposed protocol can effectively reduce communication complexity and shorten consensus delay under the condition of resisting conspiracy attack, witch attack and other attacks.On the premise of security, the protocol improves fault tolerance rate and enables more nodes to participate in information sharing to satisfy the requirements of Internet of vehicles scenarios.

Key words: consensus optimization, internet of vehicles, trust value, blockchain, efficiency of information updating

CLC Number:

TP393

Baoqin ZHAI, Jian WANG, Lei HAN, Jiqiang LIU, Jiahao HE, Tianhao LIU. Hierarchical proxy consensus optimization for IoV based on blockchain and trust value[J]. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security, 2022, 8(3): 142-153.

Figures/Tables 16

共识结构	通信复杂度	容错率
自下而上共识(本文方案)	$C = 2 n^{2} + 2 m^{2} - 2 n - m + m n$	下层：n/3上层：m/3
自上而下共识^[19]	$C = (m + 1)^{2} + m (n + 1)^{2}$	下层：n/2上层：m/3
树形结构^[23]	$C = s^{'} 2 k^{2} + (s - s^{'}) (k^{2} + 2 k - 1)$	n/3
单层共识	$C = 2 n (n - 1)$	n/3
K-PBFT^[18]	$C = 2 n^{2} + 2 m^{2} - 2 n - 3 m + m n$	下层：n/3上层：m/3

References 22

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解决问题	解决方案
扩容、可伸缩性	Bitcoin-NG、双层共识^[19]、conflux
分片技术	ELASTICO^[21]
异步性	Honeybadger^[22]、BEAT^[20]
结构优化	K-PBFT^[18]、双层共识^[19]
开销	针对PoS的多重签名算法Pixel^[17]

共识结构	存在问题	对比原有单层结构改进后的优点
双层共识	需要增添额外协议保证安全	自下而上：两次共识减少通信复杂度，速度最快，扩展性强
双层共识	车联网场景下共识次数可继续减少	自上而下^[19]：通信复杂度低，扩展性强，确定条件下容错率高，速度快
树形结构^[23]	可靠性问题、层次确定、动态调整复杂度	通信复杂度降低，树形结构易扩展
单层共识	速度慢、时延长	—
K-PBFT^[18]	K值确定问题、通信复杂度最小确定问题、中心节点更换问题	相似度聚类便于监督管理，降低通信复杂度，速度快

配置项目	配置条件
CPU	Intel(R)Core(TM)i5-4210H
内存	8 GB
操作系统	Windows10 64位
硬盘	512 GB
显卡	NVIDIA GeForce GTX 950M

分组情况	节点总个数	分层时间/ms	不分层时间/ms
3×13	39	35	51
3×22	48	48	66
3×31	93	46	79
3×34	102	50	108
3×40	120	51	109
3×46	138	67	112
3×52	156	69	121
3×61	183	80	195
3×67	201	98	190

Hierarchical proxy consensus optimization for IoV based on blockchain and trust value

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