区块链密码学隐私保护技术综述

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2022054

Abstract

Abstract:

In recent years, the issue of data privacy has attracted increased attention, and how to achieve effective privacy protection in blockchain is a new research hotspot.In view of the current research status and development trend of blockchain in privacy protection, the privacy protection methods of blockchain in transaction address,prophecy machine and smart contract were explained, and the privacy strategies of blockchain in the protection of basic elements were summarized.Based on high-level literature at home and abroad, two types of blockchain cryptographic protection methods and usage scenarios were analyzed, including special cryptographic primitives and post-quantum cryptography.The advantages and disadvantages of seven cryptographic techniques applicable to current blockchain privacy protection were also reviewed, including attribute-based encryption, special data signature, homomorphic encryption, secure multi-party computation, zero-knowledge proofs, and lattice ciphers.It was concluded that the privacy protection of blockchain applications cannot be achieved without cryptographic technology.Meanwhile, the blockchain privacy protection technologies were analyzed in terms of both basic element protection and cryptographic protection.It was concluded that it was difficult to effectively solve the privacy problem only from the application and contract layers of the blockchain, and various cryptographic technologies should be used to complement each other according to different needs and application scenarios.In addition, according to the current development status of blockchain privacy cryptography, the narrative was developed from blockchain basic element protection and cryptography-based protection.From the perspectives of both endogenous basic element security and exogenous cryptographic privacy security, basic element privacy protection should be studied first, followed by an in-depth analysis of cryptographic protection techniques for blockchain privacy.The strengths and weaknesses and the potential value of the privacy handling aspects of the corresponding safeguards should be measured in terms of the development of technology in conjunction with practical applications, while considering the timeliness of the technology.Finally, an outlook on the future direction of blockchain privacy protection technologies was provided, indicating the issues that need to be addressed in focus.

Key words: blockchain, privacy protection, cryptographic primitives, modern cryptography, post-quantum cryptography

CLC Number:

TP311

Feng LIU, Jie YANG, Jiayin QI. Survey on blockchain privacy protection techniques in cryptography[J]. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security, 2022, 8(4): 29-44.

Figures/Tables 9

References 96

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类别	混币机制	性能开销	主要隐私安全问题及风险
	Mixcoin	交易时延高	混币服务商掌握用户隐私
中心化混币	BlindCoin	计算开销与存储开销大	混币服务商掌握用户隐私
	TumbleBit	交易时延与交易费用高	易遭受中继节点窃取个人隐私
	CoinJoin	交易时延随参与用户增加而增加	混币服务商掌握用户隐私
去中心化混币	CoinShuffle	交易时延随参与用户增加而增加	易遭受分布式拒绝服务攻击
	CoinParty	交易时延随参与用户增加而增加	未经认证的恶意用户易盗取他人资产
	Xim	混币时间长且混币轮换次数多	混币期间易遭受攻击和盗窃

对比内容	参与方隐私性	签名消息隐私性	地址隐私性
环签名	基于环密钥分发中心	基于环状签名结构	隐私性强
盲签名	盲化消息者隐私性强	基于盲化函数与因子	盲化消息者隐私性强
Schnorr签名	签名时隐私性差	基于离散对数难解	签名后隐私性强
BLS签名	签名时隐私性差	基于离散对数难解	签名后隐私性强

算法	算数复杂度：证明方	算数复杂度：验证方	通信复杂度（证明大小）	单笔交易大小评估	1万笔交易大小评估	以太坊gas费用	可信设置	后量子安全	密码学假设性强度
SNARK	O(n log(N))	O(1)	O(1)	Tx:200 byte, Key:50 MB	Tx:200 byte, Key:500	600 kB （Groth16）	是	否	强
STARK	O(n polylog(N))	O(polylog(N))	O(polylog(N))	45 kB	135 kB	2.5 MB （预估）	否	是	抗强哈希碰撞
BulletProof	O(n log(N))	O(N)	O(log(N))	1.5 kb	2.5 kB	N/A	否	否	离散对数安全

名称	主要技术特点	主要适用场景
聚合签名	签名分片	多方参与
属性基加密	访问控制	身份验证
同态加密	密文计算	敏感数据处理
安全多方计算	多方计算	多方协作
零知识证明	零知识性	保密交易
格密码	抗量子计算	隐私技术融合
全同态加密	抗量子计算	隐私技术融合

Survey on blockchain privacy protection techniques in cryptography

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