面向大数据应用的混合内存架构特征分析

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-0271.2018031

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

受限于DRAM的扩展性，大数据分析及相关应用性能难以有效提升。新型非易失性存储器凭借其非易失性、高存储密度、低能耗等优点，为大数据应用的性能与效率提升带来了契机。以新型非易失性存储器为基础，阐述PCM/DRAM混合存储架构，通过对该混合存储架构在性能优化、能耗优化、内存管理策略等方面的综述分析，详述了混合存储架构在大数据应用方面的优势及可行性，总结了现有研究工作的缺陷，展望了PCM/DRAM混合内存后续的研究方向。

关键词: 大数据, 非易失性存储器, 相变存储器, 性能优化

Abstract:

Due to the limited scalability of DRAM,it is hard to optimize the performance of big data analysis and the big data applications.The new non-volatile memory (NVM) brings the opportunity to improve the performance and efficiency for big data applications,which benefits by the advantages of NVM,including its non-volatile,high storage density,and low power consumption.The PCM/DRAM hybrid memory architecture based on the non-volatile memory was analyzed.The feasibility and advantages of hybrid memory for big data applications through the analysis on the optimization of performance,energy consumption and memory management strategies for hybrid memory architecture were demonstrated.The defects in existing work were summarized and the potential research field in PCM/DRAM hybrid memory architecture was discussed.

Key words: big data, non-volatile memory, phase change memory, performance optimization

中图分类号:

TP302.7

李鑫, 陈璇, 黄志球. 面向大数据应用的混合内存架构特征分析[J]. 大数据, 2018, 4(3): 61-80.

Xin LI, Xuan CHEN, Zhiqiu HUANG. Analysis on hybrid memory architecture for big data application[J]. Big Data Research, 2018, 4(3): 61-80.

图/表 4

参考文献 41

[1]	马建光, 姜巍 . 大数据的概念、特征及其应用[J]. 国防科技, 2013,34(2): 10-17.
	MA J G , JIANG W . The concept,characteristics and application of big data[J]. National Defense Science ＆Technology, 2013,34(2): 10-17.
[2]	张引, 陈敏, 廖小飞 . 大数据应用的现状与展望[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2013,50(S2): 216-233.
	ZHANG Y , CHEN M , LIAO X F . Big data applications:a survey[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2013,50(S2): 216-233.
[3]	何立民 . 大数据时代与嵌入式系统[J]. 单片机与嵌入式系统应用, 2014,14(1): 1-3.
	HE L M . Big data era and embedded systems[J]. Microcontrollers ＆ Embedded Systems, 2014,14(1): 1-3.
[4]	李涛, 曾春秋, 周武柏 ,等. 大数据时代的数据挖掘——从应用的角度看大数据挖掘[J]. 大数据, 2015,1(4): 1-24.
	LI T , ZENG C Q , ZHOU W B ,et al. Data mining in the era of big data:from the application perspective[J]. Big Data Research, 2015,1(4): 1-24.
[5]	孙大为 . 大数据流式计算:应用特征和技术挑战[J]. 大数据, 2015,1(3): 99-105.
	SUN D W . Big data stream computing:features and challenges[J]. Big Data Research, 2015,1(3): 99-105.
[6]	伏琰 . 云计算环境下数字资源整合模式研究[J]. 河南图书馆学刊, 2014(11): 126-129.
	FU Y . Research on the integration model of digital resources in the cloud computing environment[J]. The Library Journal of Henan, 2014(11): 126-129.
[7]	BARROSO L A , H?LZLE U . The case for energy-proportional computing[J]. Computer, 2007,40(12): 33-37.
[8]	BARROSO L A , H?LZLE U . The datacenter as a computer:an introduction to the design of warehouse-scale machines[J]. Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture, 2009,8(3): 1-54.
[9]	MEHRZAD , .Sponge:portable stream programming on graphics engines[J]. ACM Sigplan Notices, 2011,47(4): 381-392.
[10]	NAWATHE U G , HASSAN M , WARRINER L ,et al. An 8-Core 64-Thread 64b Power-Efficient SPARC SoC[C]// IEEE International Solid-state Circuits Conference,December 20-22,2007,Tainan,China. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2007: 108-590.
[11]	IPEK E , CONDIT J , NIGHTINGALE E B ,et al. Dynamically replicated memory:building reliable systems from nanoscale resistive memories[J]. ACM Sigplan Notices, 2010,38(1): 3-14.
[12]	王丽芳, 齐勇, 蒋泽军 ,等. 面向大数据的绿色IT框架能效分类机制[J]. 工程研究:跨学科视野中的工程, 2014(3): 224-232.
	WANG L F , QI Y , JIANG Z J ,et al. Energy-efficiency classifying mechanism for green IT framework of big data[J]. Journal of Engineering Studies, 2014(3): 224-232.
[13]	慎涵 . 一种基于PCM的文件系统设计与实现[D]. 武汉:华中科技大学, 2013.
	SHEN H . Design and implementation of a PCM file system[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science ＆ Technology, 2013.
[14]	陈纯 . 流式大数据实时处理技术、平台及应用[J]. 大数据, 2017,3(4): 1-8.
	CHEN C . Real-time processing technology,platform and application of streaming big data[J]. Big Data Research, 2017,3(4): 1-8.
[15]	吴章玲, 金培权, 岳丽华 ,等. 基于PCM的大数据存储与管理研究综述[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2015,52(2): 343-361.
	WU Z L , JIN P Q , YUE L H ,et al. A survey on PCM-based big data storage and management[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2015,52(2): 343-361.
[16]	陆游游, 舒继武 . 闪存存储系统综述[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2013,50(1): 49-59.
	LU Y Y , SHU J W . Survey on flash-based storage systems[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2013,50(1): 49-59.
[17]	郭姣姣 . 基于氧化铪的阻变存储器性能及机理的研究[D]. 上海:复旦大学, 2012.
	GUO J J . Study on performance and mechanism of resistive memory based on hafnium oxide[D]. Shanghai:Fudan University, 2012.
[18]	万海军 . 电阻存储器RRAM的可靠性研究[D]. 上海:复旦大学, 2010.
	WAN H J . Research on reliability of RRAM[D]. Shanghai:Fudan University, 2010.
[19]	沈菊, 宋志棠 . 相变存储器驱动电路的设计与实现[J]. 半导体技术, 2008,33(5): 431-434.
	SHEN J , SONG Z T . Design and realization of driving circuit for phase-change RAM chip[J]. Semiconductor Technology, 2008,33(5): 431-434.
[20]	International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors(ITRS)[R]. 2012.
[21]	章征海 . 相变混合存储器的研究与设计[D]. 武汉:华中科技大学, 2012.
	ZHANG Z H . Research and design of PCRAM-based hybrid storage system[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science ＆Technology, 2012.
[22]	QURESHI M K , SRINIVASAN V , RIVERS J A . Scalable high performance main memory system using phase-change memory technology[J]. ACM Sigarch Computer Architecture News, 2009,37(3): 24-33.
[23]	QURESHI M K , FRANCESCHINI M M , LASTRAS-MONTANO L A . Improving read performance of phase change memories via write cancellation and write pausing[C]// IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture,Janaury 9-14,2010,Bangalore,India. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2010: 1-11.
[24]	ZHOU P , ZHAO B , YANG J ,et al. A durable and energy efficient main memory using phase change memory technology[J]. ACM Sigarch Computer Architecture News, 2009,37(3): 14-23.
[25]	QURESHI M K , KARIDIS J , FRANCESCHINI M ,et al. Enhancing lifetime and security of PCM-based main memory with start-gap wear leveling[C]// The 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture,Dec 12-16,2009,New York,USA. New York:ACM Press, 2009: 14-23.
[26]	WU G , GAO J , ZHANG H ,et al. Improving PCM endurance with randomized address remapping in hybrid memory system[C]// IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing,September 26-30,2011,Austin,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2011: 503-507.
[27]	WANG B , WU B , LI D ,et al. Exploring hybrid memory for GPU energy efficiency through software-hardware co-design[C]// International Conference on Parallel Architectures ＆ Compilation Techniques,October 7,2013,Edinburgh,UK. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2013: 93-102.
[28]	LEE S , BAHN H , NOH S H . Characterizing memory write references for efficient management of hybrid PCM and DRAM Memory[C]// 19th Annual International Symposium on Modelling,Analysis,and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems,July 25-27,2011,Singapore. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2011: 168-175.
[29]	LEE M , DONG H K , KIM J ,et al. M-CLOCK:migration-optimized page replacement algorithm for hybrid DRAM and PCM memory architecture[C]// ACM Symposium on Applied Computing,April 13-17,2015,Salamanca,Spain,New York:ACM Press, 2015: 2001-2006.
[30]	SHIN D J , PARK S K , KIM S M ,et al. Adaptive page grouping for energy efficiency in hybrid PRAM-DRAM main memory[C]// ACM Research in Applied Computation Symposium,March 26-30,2012,Riva del Garda (Trento),Italy. New York:ACM Press, 2012: 395-402.
[31]	KHOUZANI H A , YANG C , HU J . Improving performance and lifetime of DRAM-PCM hybrid main memory through a proactive page allocation strategy[C]// Design Automation Conference,Jun 7-11,2015,San Francisco,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2015: 508-513.
[32]	WU Z L , JIN P Q , YANG C C ,et al. APPLRU:a new page replacement method for PCM/DRAM-based hybrid memory systems[M]. Springer: Network and Parallel ComputingPress, 2014: 84-95.
[33]	CHEN K , JIN P , YUE L . A novel page replacement algorithm for the hybrid memory architecture involving PCM and DRAM[M]. Springer: Network and Parallel ComputingPress, 2014: 108-119.
[34]	HU J , ZHUGE Q , XUE C J ,et al. Software enabled wear-leveling for hybrid PCM main memory on embedded systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems, 2013,23(4): 599-602.
[35]	PARK S K , MAENG M K , PARK K W ,et al. Adaptive wear-leveling algorithm for PRAM main memory with a DRAM buffer[J]. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 2014,13(4): 1-25.
[36]	JIANG L , DU Y , ZHANG Y ,et al. LLS:Cooperative integration of wear-leveling and salvaging for PCM main memory[C]// The 2011 IEEE/IFIP 41st International Conference on Dependable Systems ＆Networks,Jun 27-30,2011,Washington,D C,USA. Washington,DC:IEEE Computer Society, 2011: 221-232.
[37]	CHEN C H , HSIU P C , KUO T W ,et al. Age-based PCM wear leveling with nearly zero search cost[C]// Design Automation Conference,January 3-7,2012,San Francisco,USA. New York:ACM Press, 2012: 453-458.
[38]	SCHECHTER S , LOH G H , STRAUS K ,et al. Use ECP,not ECC,for hard failures in resistive memories[J]. ACM Sigarch Computer Architecture News, 2010,38(3): 141-152.
[39]	夏飞, 蒋德钧, 熊劲 . 影响非易失性内存系统性能的因素分析[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2014(S1): 25-31.
	XIA F , JIANG D J , XIONG J . Evaluating and analyzing the performance of nonvolatile memory system[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2014(S1): 25-31.
[40]	何炎祥, 沈凡凡, 张军 ,等. 新型非易失性存储架构的缓存优化方法综述[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2015,52(6): 1225-1241.
	HE Y X , SHEN F F , ZHANG J ,et al. Cache optimization approaches of emerging nonvolatile memory architecture:a survey[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2015,52(6): 1225-1241.
[41]	徐远超, 闫俊峰, 万虎 ,等. 新型非易失存储的安全与隐私问题研究综述[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2016,53(9): 1930-1942.
	XU Y C , YAN J F , WAN H ,et al. A survey on security and privacy of emerging nonvolatile memory[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2016,53(9): 1930-1942.