边缘计算安全技术综述

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-0271.2019012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着物联网应用的不断展开，大量移动终端设备参与服务计算，传统的云计算模型已经不能满足网络边缘设备产生数据的速度，边缘计算模型应运而生，并成为近几年的研究热点。介绍了边缘计算的概念和物联网的边缘计算参考模型，分析总结了边缘设备容易遭受的攻击，综述了边缘计算中密码安全技术的主要研究成果，并指出：对称密码技术不适用于边缘设备之间的通信，基于身份标识的密码技术较适用于边缘设备到边缘设备的通信，基于配对的密码技术较适用于边缘设备到基站的通信。讨论了两种后量子密码技术在边缘设备中的应用，提出了边缘计算安全技术研究的几个建议。

关键词: 边缘计算, ；物联网, 边缘设备, 云计算, 密码技术

Abstract:

With the continuous development of Internet of things applications,a large number of mobile terminal devices participate in service computing.Traditional cloud computing models cannot adapt to the rapid growth of data generated by network edge devices,and edge computing models emerge and become a research hotspot in recent years.The concept of edge computing and the reference model of edge computing in the Internet of things were introduced,the vulnerabilities of edge devices and the main research results of cryptographic security technology in edge computing were summarized,and that symmetric cryptography technology is not suitable for communication between edge devices,and identity-based cryptography technology is more suitable for communication between edge devices and edge devices was pointed out.Paired-based cryptography is more suitable for the communication between edge devices and base stations.The application of two post-quantum cryptography technologies in edge devices was discussed.Finally,some suggestions on the research of edge computing security technology were put forward.

Key words: edge computing, Internet of things, edge device, cloud computing, cryptography technology

中图分类号:

TP309

凌捷, 陈家辉, 罗玉, 张思亮. 边缘计算安全技术综述[J]. 大数据, 2019, 5(2): 34-52.

Jie LING, Jiahui CHEN, Yu LUO, Siliang ZHANG. A survey on the security technology of edge computing[J]. Big Data Research, 2019, 5(2): 34-52.

图/表 2

参考文献 98

[35]	LEHTONEN M , OSTOJIC D , ILIC A ,et al. Securing RFID systems by detecting tag cloning[C]// The 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing,May 11-14,2009,Nara,Japan. Heidelberg:Springer, 2009: 291-308.
[36]	WEINGART S H , . Physical security devices for computer subsystems:a survey of attacks and defenses[C]// The 2nd International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems,August 17-18,2000,Worcester,USA. London:Springer-Verlag, 2000: 302-317.
[37]	JUELS A , BRAINARD J . Soft blocking:flexible blocker tags on the cheap[C]// The 2004 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society,October 28,2004,Washington DC,USA. New York:ACM Press, 2004: 1-7.
[38]	DUC D N , KIM K . Defending RFID authentication protocols against DoS attacks[J]. Computer Communications, 2011,34(3): 384-390.
[39]	KARYGIANNIS T , EYDT B , BARBER G ,et al. Guidelines for securing radio frequency identification systems[R]. Gaithersburg:National Institute of Standards ＆ Technology Special Publication, 2007.
[40]	JUELS A . RFID security and privacy:a research survey[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2006,24(2): 381-394.
[41]	HANCKE G , . Eavesdropping attacks on highfrequency RFID tokens[C]// The 4th Workshop on RFID Security,July 11,2008,Budapest,Hungary.[S.l.:s.n]. 2008: 100-113.
[42]	YANG J , PARK J , LEE H ,et al. Mutual authentication protocol for low-cost RFID[C]// Workshop on RFID and Lightweight Crypto,July 14,2005,Durham,USA. Durham:WRLC, 2005: 17-24.
[43]	MUKHERJEE A . Physical-layer security in the Internet of things:sensing and communication confidentiality under resource constraints[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2015,103(10): 1747-1761.
[44]	FAN J , XU G , ELKE D ,et al. State-ofthe-art of secure ECC implementations:a survey on known side-channel attacks and countermeasures[C]// 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust,June 13-14,2010,Anaheim,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2010: 76-87.
[45]	NOUBIR G , LIN G . Low-power DoS attacks in data wireless LANs and countermeasures[J]. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 2003,7(3): 29-30.
[46]	SARHAN Q . Security attacks and countermeasures for wireless sensor networks:survey[J]. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 2013,3(2): 628-635.
[47]	WILHELM M , MARTINOVIC I , SCHMITT J B ,et al. Short paper:reactive jamming in wireless networks:How realistic is the threat[C]// The 4th ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security,June 14-17,2011,Hamburg,Germany. New York:ACM Press, 2011: 47-52.
[48]	MPITZIOPOULOS A , GAVALAS D , KONSTANTOPOULOS C ,et al. A survey on jamming attacks and countermeasures in WSNs[J]. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 2009,11(4): 42-56.
[49]	REVATHI B , GEETHA D . A survey of cooperative black and gray hole attack in MANET[J]. Journal of Computer Science and Management Research, 2012,1(2): 205-208.
[50]	GARCIA-MORCHON O , KUMAR S , STRUIK R ,et al. Security considerations in the IP-based Internet of things[R]. [S.l.]:IETF, 2013.
[51]	WALLGREN L , RAZA S , VOIGT T . Routing attacks and countermeasures in the RPL-based Internet of things[J]. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2013: 1-11.
[52]	DOUCEUR J R , . The Sybil attack[C]// The 1st International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems,March 7-8,2002,Cambridge,USA. London:Springer-Verlag, 2002: 251-260.
[1]	JIAO L , FRIEDMAN R , FU X M . Cloud-based computation offloading for mobile devices:state of the art,challenges and opportunities[C]// 2013 Future Network ＆ Mobile Summit,July 3-5,2013,Lisbon,Portugal. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2013: 1-11.
[2]	STOJMENOVIC I , . Fog computing:a cloud to the ground support for smart things and machine-to-machine networks[C]// 2014 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference,November 26-28,2014,Southbank,Australia. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2014: 117-122.
[53]	STOJMENOVIC I , WEN S . The fog computing paradigm:scenarios and security issues[C]// 2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems,September 7-10,2014,Warsaw,Poland. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2014: 1-8.
[54]	STOJMENOVIC I , WEN S , HUANG X ,et al. An overview of fog computing and its security issues[J]. Concurrency and Computation:Practice and Experience, 2016,28(10): 2991-3005.
[3]	YANGUI S , RAVINDRAN P , BIBANI O ,et al. A platform as-a-service for hybrid cloud/fog environments[C]// 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks,June 13-15,2016,Rome,Italy. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2016: 1-7.
[4]	ZHU X , CHAN D S , PRABHU M S . Improving video performance with edge servers in the fog computing architecture[J]. Intel Technology Journal, 2015,19(1): 202-224.
[55]	BOYD S W , KEROMYTIS A D . SQLrand:preventing SQL injection attacks[C]// The 2nd International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security,June 8-11,2004,Huangshan,China. Heidelberg:Springer, 2004: 292-302.
[56]	BARRENO M , NELSON B , SEARS R ,et al. Can machine learning be secure[C]// The 2006 ACM Symposium on Information,Computer and Communications Security,March 21-24,2006,Taipei,China. New York:ACM Press, 2006: 16-25.
[5]	SUN X , ANSARI N . EdgeIoT:mobile edge computing for the Internet of things[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2016,54(12): 22-29.
[6]	ALRAWAIS A , ALHOTHAILY A , HU C Q ,et al. Fog computing for the Internet of things:security and privacy issues[J]. IEEE Internet Computing, 2017,21(2): 34-42.
[57]	BIGGIO B , NELSON B , LASKOV P . Poisoning attacks against support vector machines[C]// The 29th International Conference on Machine Learning,June 26-July 1,2012,Edinburgh,Scotland. Athens:OmniPress, 2012: 1807-1814.
[58]	BAZM M , SAUTEREAU T , LACOSTE M ,et al. Cache-based side-channel attacks detection through intel cache monitoring technology and hardware performance counters[C]// 2018 3rd International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC),April 23-26,2018,Barcelona,Spain. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2018: 7-12.
[7]	KANG J W , YU R , HUANG X M ,et al. Privacy-preserved pseudonym scheme for fog computing supported internet of vehicles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportations Systems, 2018,19(8): 2627-2637.
[8]	MOURADIAN C , NABOULSI D , YANGUI S ,et al. A comprehensive survey on fog computing:state-of-the-art and research challenges[J]. IEEE Communications Surveys ＆ Tutorials, 2018,20(1): 416-464.
[59]	HONG K , LILLETHUN D , RAMACHANDRAN U ,et al. Mobile fog:a programming model for large-scale applications on the Internet of things[C]// The 2nd ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing,August 16,2013,Hong Kong,China. New York:ACM Press, 2013: 15-20.
[60]	AGRAWAL M , MISHRA P . A comparative survey on symmetric key encryption techniques[J]. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, 2012,4(5):877.
[9]	施巍松, 张星洲, 王一帆 ,等. 边缘计算:现状与展望[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2019,56(1): 1-21.
	SHI W S , ZHANG X Z , WANG Y F ,et al. Edge computing:state-of-the-art and future directions[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2019,56(1): 1-21.
[61]	CHEN X F , WANG Y M . A survey of public key cryptography[J]. Journal of China Institute of Communications, 2004,25(8): 109-118.
[62]	BAKHTIARI S , SAFAVI-NAINI R , PIEPRZYK J . Cryptographic hash functions:a survey[R]. Wollongong:University of Wollongong, 1995.
[10]	Cisco Systems Inc , . The Internet of things reference model[C]// 2014 Internet of Things World Forum,October 14-16,2014,Chicago,USA.[S.l.:s.n]. 2014: 1-12.
[11]	张佳乐, 赵彦超, 陈兵 ,等. 边缘计算数据安全与隐私保护研究综述[J]. 通信学报, 2018,39(3): 1-21.
[63]	GROBAUER B , WALLOSCHEK T , STOCKER E . Understanding cloud computing vulnerabilities[J]. IEEE Security and Privacy, 2011,9(2): 50-57.
[64]	GURA N , PATEL A , WANDER A ,et al. Comparing elliptic curve cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs[C]// International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems,August 11-13,2004,Boston,USA. Heidelberg:Springer, 2004: 119-132.
[11]	ZHANG J L , ZHAO Y C , CHEN B ,et al. Survey on data security and privacy-preserving for the research of edge computing[J]. Journal on Communications, 2018,39(3): 1-21.
[12]	LI C , RAGHUNATHAN A , JHA N K . Hijacking an insulin pump:security attacks and defenses for a diabetes therapy system[C]// 2011 IEEE 13th International Conference on e-Health Networking,Applications and Services,June 13-15,2011,Columbia,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2011: 150-156.
[65]	CZYPEK P , HEYSE S , THOMAE E . Efficient implementations of MQPKS on constrained devices[C]// The 14th International Conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems,September 9-12,2012,Leuven,Belgium. Heidelberg:Springer, 2012: 374-389.
[66]	SHAMIR A , . Identity-based cryptosystems and signature schemes[C]// CRYPTO 84 on Advances in Cryptology,August 19-22,1984,Santa Barbara,USA.New York:Springer-Verlag New York,Inc. , 1984: 47-53.
[13]	HALPERIN D , HEYDTBENJAMIN T S , RANSFORD B . Pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators:software radio attacks and zero-power defenses[C]// 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy,May 1822,2008,Oakland,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2008: 129-142.
[14]	BHUNIA S , HSIAO M S , BANGA M ,et al. Hardware Trojan attacks:threat analysis and countermeasures[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2014,102(8): 1229-1247.
[67]	MALAN D J , WELSH M , SMITH M D . A public-key infrastructure for key distribution in TinyOS based on elliptic curve cryptography[C]// The 1st Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks,October 4-7,2004,Santa Clara,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2004: 71-80.
[68]	CHU D , GRO?SCH?DL J , LIU Z . Twisted Edwards-form elliptic curve cryptography for 8-bit AVR-based sensor nodes[C]// The 1st ACM Workshop on Asia Ppublic-Key Cryptography,May 8,2013,Hangzhou,China. New York:ACM Press, 2013: 39-44.
[15]	SALMANI H , TEHRANIPOOR M M . Vulnerability analysis of a circuit layout to hardware Trojan insertion[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2016,11(6): 1214-1225.
[16]	WEHBE T , MOONEY V J , KEEZER D C ,et al. A novel approach to detect hardware Trojan attacks on primary data inputs[C]// The WESS’15:Workshop on Embedded Systems Security,October 4-9,2015,Amsterdam,Netherlands. New York:ACM Press, 2015: 1-10.
[69]	GOUVêA C P L , LóPEZ J . Efficient software implementation of public-key cryptography on sensor networks using the MSP430X microcontroller[J]. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, 2012,2(1): 19-29.
[70]	ZHANG F , SAFAVI-NAINI R , SUSILO W . An efficient signature scheme from bilinear pairings and its applications[C]// The 7th International Workshop on Theory and Practice in Public Key Cryptography,March 1-4,2004,Singapore. Heidelberg:Springer, 2004: 277-290.
[17]	BHASIN S , REGAZZONI F . A survey on hardware Trojan detection techniques[C]// 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,May 24-27,2015,Lisbon,Portugal. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2015: 2021-2024.
[18]	SHILA D M , VENUGOPAL V . Design,implementation and security analysis of hardware Trojan threats in FPGA[C]// 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications,June 10-14,2014,Sydney,Australia. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2014: 719-724.
[19]	TEHRANIPOOR M , KOUSHANFAR F . A survey of hardware Trojan taxonomy and detection[J]. IEEE Design ＆ Test of Computers, 2010,27(1): 10-25.
[20]	VUAGNOUX M , PASINI S . Compromising electromagnetic emanations of wired and wireless keyboards[C]// The 18th Conference on USENIX Security Symposium,August 1014,2009,Montreal,Canada. Berkeley:USENIX Association, 2009: 1-16.
[21]	NIA A M , SUR-KOLAY S , RAGHUNATHAN A ,et al. Physiological information leakage:a new frontier in health information security[J]. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, 2016,4(3): 321-334.
[22]	BRANDT A , BURON J . Home automation routing requirements in low power and lossy networks[R]. [S.l.]:Internet Engineering Task Force, 2010: 1-17.
[23]	MARTIN T , HSIAO M , HA D ,et al. Denialof-service attacks on battery-powered mobile computers[C]// The 2nd IEEE Annual Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications,March 17,2004,Orlando,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2004: 309-318.
[24]	VASSERMAN E Y , HOPPER N . Vampire attacks:draining life from wireless ad-hoc sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2013,12(2): 318-332.
[71]	BARRETO P S L M , NAEHRIG M . Pairingfriendly elliptic curves of prime order[C]// The 12th International Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography,August 11-12,2005,Kingston,Canada. Heidelberg:Springer, 2006: 319-331.
[72]	BROWN D . Sec 2:Recommended elliptic curve domain parameters[J]. Standards for Efficient Cryptography, 2010.
[25]	STAJANO F . The resurrecting duckling[M]. Heidelberg: SpringerPress, 2000: 183-194.
[26]	MATROSOV A , RODIONOV E , HARLEY D ,et al. Stuxnet under the microscope[R]. Bratislava:ESET LLC, 2011.
[73]	BONEH D , FRANKLIN M . Identity-based encryption from the weil pairing[J]. SIAM Journal on Computing, 2003,32(3): 586-615.
[74]	BONEH D , LYNN B , SHACHAM H . Short signatures from the weil pairing[C]// The 7th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security:Advances in Cryptology,December 9-13,2001,Gold Coast,Australia. Heidelberg:Springer, 2004: 297-319.
[27]	WANG X , CHELLAPPAN S , GU W ,et al. Search-based physical attacks in sensor networks[C]// IEEE 24th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks,August 3-6,2015,Las Vegas,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2005: 489-496.
[28]	ZORZI M , GLUHAK A , LANGE S ,et al. From today’s Intranet of things to a future Internet of things:a wireless-and mobility-related view[J]. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2010,17(6): 44-51.
[75]	JOUX A , . A one round protocol for tripartite Diffie-Hellman[C]// The 4th International Symposium on Algorithmic Number Theory,July 2-7,2000,Leiden,Netherlands. London:Springer-Verlag, 2000: 385-394.
[76]	SAKAI R , OHGISHI K , KASAHARA M . Cryptosystems based on pairings[C]// The Symposium on Cryptography and Information Security,January 25,2000,Okinawa,Japan.[S.l.:s.n. ], 2000: 26-28.
[29]	HERNANDEZ G , ARIAS O , BUENTELLO D ,et al. Smart nest thermostat:a smart spy in your home[R]. Orlando:University of Central Florida, 2014.
[30]	PARNO B , PERRIG A , GLIGOR V . Distributed detection of node replication attacks in sensor networks[C]// 2005 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy,May 8-11,2005,Oakland,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2005: 49-63.
[77]	BONEH D , GENTRY C , WATERS B . Collusion resistant broadcast encryption with short ciphertexts and private keys[C]// The 25th Annual International Conference on Advances in Cryptology,August 14-18,2005,Santa Barbara,USA. Heidelberg:Springer, 2005: 258-275.
[78]	BONEH D , CRESCENZO G D , OSTROVSKY R ,et al. Public key encryption with keyword search[C]// International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques,May 2-6,2004,Interlaken,Switzerland. Heidelberg:Springer, 2004: 506-522.
[31]	WALTERS J P , LIANG Z , SHI W ,et al. Wireless sensor network security:a survey[J]. Security in Distributed,Grid,and Pervasive Computing, 2007,1(367).
[32]	CHAN H , PERRIG A , SONG D . Random key predistribution schemes for sensor networks[C]// 2003 Symposium on Security and Privacy,May 11-14,2003,Berkeley,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2003: 197-213.
[79]	MILLER V S . The weil pairing,and its efficient calculation[J]. Journal of Cryptology, 2004,17(4): 235-261.
[80]	OLIVEIRA L B , ARANHA D F , MORAIS E ,et al. TinyTate:computing the tate pairing in resource constrained nodes[C]// The 6th IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications,July 12-14,2007,Cambridge,USA. Piscataway:IEEE Press, 2007: 318-323.
[33]	PADMAVATHI G , SHANMUGAPRIYA D . A survey of attacks,security mechanisms and challenges in wireless sensor networks[J]. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 2009,4(1): 1-9.
[34]	WEIS S A , SARMA S E , RIVEST R L ,et al. Security and privacy aspects of low-cost radio frequency identification systems[C]// The 1st International Conference Security in Pervasive Computing,March 12-14,2003,Boppard,Germany. Heidelberg:Springer, 2004: 201-212.
[81]	SZCZECHOWIAK P , OLIVEIRA L B , SCOTT M ,et al. NanoECC:testing the limits of elliptic curve cryptography in sensor networks[C]// The 5th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks,January 30-February 1,2008,Bologna,Italy. Heidelberg:Springer, 2008: 305-320.
[82]	Shamus Software Ltd . Multiprecision integer and rational arithmetic C/C++ library[R]. 2008.
[83]	HOFFSTEIN J , PIPHER J , SILVERMAN J H . NTRU:a ring-based public key cryptosystem[C]// International Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium,June 21-25,1998,Portland,USA. Heidelberg:Springer, 1998: 267-289.
[84]	GOLDREICH O , GOLDWASSER S , HALEVI S . Public-key cryptography from lattice reduction problems[C]// CRYPTO 1997,August 17-21,1997,Santa Barbara,USA. Heidelberg:Springer, 1997: 112-131.
[85]	HOFFSTEIN J , GRAHAM N A H , PIPHER J ,et al. NTRUSIGN:digital signatures using the NTRU lattice[C]// 2003 RSA Conference on the Cryptographers’ Track,April 13-17,2003,San Francisco,USA. Heidelberg:Springer, 2003: 122-140.
[86]	HOFFSTEIN J , LIEMAN D , PIPHER J ,et al. NTRU:a ringbased public key cryptosystem[C]// International Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium,June 21-25,1998,Portland,USA. Heidelberg:Springer, 1998: 267-288.
[87]	NGUYEN P Q , REGEV O . Learning a parallelepiped:cryptanalysis of GGH and NTRU signatures[J]. Journal of Cryptology, 2009,22(2): 139-160.
[88]	Consortium for Efficient Embedded Security . Efficient embedded security standards,EESS#1:Implementations Aspects of ETRUEncrypt and NTRUSign[S]. [S.l.]:Consortium for Efficient Embedded Security, 2003.
[89]	HOFFSTEIN J,HOWGRAVE-GRAHAM N , PIPHER J , et al . Practical latticebased cryptography:NTRUEncrypt and NTRUSign[M]// The LLL Algorithm. Heidelberg:Springer, 2010: 349-390.
[90]	HOWGRAVE-GRAHAM N , SILVERMAN J H , SINGER A ,et al. NAEP:provable security in the presence of decryption failures[R]. [S.l.]:IACR, 2003.
[91]	HOWGRAVE-GRAHAM N , SILVERMAN J H , WHYTE W . Choosing parameter sets for NTRUEncrypt with NAEP and SVES-3[C]// The 2005 International Conference on Topics in Cryptology,February 14-18,2005,San Francisco,USA. Heidelberg:Springer, 2005: 118-135.
[92]	NGUYEN P , POINTCHEVAL D . Analysis and improvements of NTRU encryption paddings[C]// Annual International Cryptology Conference,August 18-22,Santa Barbara,USA. Heidelberg:Springer, 2002: 210-225.
[93]	MESKANEN T , RENVALL A . A wrap error attack against NTRUEncrypt[J]. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 2006,154(6): 382-391.
[94]	BUCHMANN J , D?RING M , LINDNER R . Efficiency Improvement for NTRU[R]. Darmstadt:Technische Universit?t Darmstadt, 2007.
[95]	CZYPEK P , HEYSE S , THOMAE E . Efficient implementations of MQPKS on constrained devices[C]// The 14th International Conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems,September 9-12,2012,Leuven,Belgium. Heidelberg:Springer, 2012: 374-389.
[96]	YANG B Y , CHEN J M , CHEN Y H . TTS:High-speed signatures on a low-cost smart card[C]// International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems,August 11-13,2004,Cambridge,USA. Heidelberg:Springer, 2004: 371-385.
[97]	OLIVEIRA L B , KANSAL A , PRIYANTHA B ,et al. Secure-TWS:authenticating node to multi-user communication in shared sensor networks[J]. Computer Journal, 2012,55(4): 384-396.
[98]	BELLARE M , NAMPREMPRE C , NEVEN G . Security proofs for identity based identification and signature schemes[C]// International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques,May 2-6,2004,Interlaken,Switzerland. Heidelberg:Springer, 2004: 268-286.