基于代价策略的H.264/AVC半脆弱水印算法

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2015180

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to solve some existing problems on detecting malicious tampering by video watermarking based on H.264/AVC video compression standard,a semi-fragile video watermarking algorithm for H.264/AVC based on cost strategy was proposed.To further improve the robustness of the feature codes in semi-fragile video watermarking algorithm,a new generation algorithm for feature codes by eliminating the correlation of them was proposed.In order to meet the requirement that the semi-fragile watermarks should be uniformly embedded into the video frames to locate the tampered region accurately,a minimal cost function was introduced to select a DCT coefficient in the 4 × 4 block residual to embed watermark which had minimal impact on the video quality and bit rates.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce impact on video quality and bit rate because of embedding the watermarking by adopting the minimum cost function and it is sensitive to malicious manipulations.The retrieved feature code and watermarking can detect and locate malicious manipulations.

Key words: semi-fragile watermarking, cost strategy, H.264/AVC, tamper localization, robustness

Wei-wei ZHANG,Chen ZHAO,De-tian HUANG,Pei ZHANG,Yi-xian YANG. Semi-fragile video watermarking algorithm for H.264/AVC based on cost strategy[J]. Journal on Communications, 2015, 36(10): 110-118.

Figures/Tables 12

References 30

[1]	MEHDI F , SHERVIN S , MEHDI S ,et al. Tampering detection in compressed digital video using watermarking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2014,63(5): 1057-1072.
[2]	QUELUZ M P . Authentication of digital images and video:generic models and a new contribution[J]. Signal Processing:Image Communication, 2001,16(5): 461-475.
[3]	DOERR G , DUGELAY J L . A guide tour of video watermarking[J]. Signal Processing:Image Communication, 2003,18(4): 263-282.
[4]	ZHANG X P , WANG S Z , QIAN Z X ,et al. Reference sharing mechanism for watermark self-embedding[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2011,20(2): 485-495.
[5]	HE H J , CHEN F , TAI H M ,et al. Performance analysis of a block-neighborhood-based self-recovery fragile watermarking scheme[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2012,7(1): 185-196.
[6]	PIPER A,SAFAVI-NAINI R . Scalable fragile watermarking for image authentication[J]. IET Information Security, 2013,7(4): 300-311.
[7]	CHEN F , HE H J , TAI H M ,et al. Chaos-based self-embedding fragile watermarking with flexible watermark payload[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2014,72(1): 41-56.
[8]	CHEN S , LEUNG H . Chaotic watermarking for video authentication in surveillance applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System for Video Technology, 2008,18(5): 704-709.
[9]	SHI Y J , QI M , YI Y G ,et al. Object based dual watermarking for video authentication[J]. Optik, 2013,124: 3827-3834.
[10]	MASOUMI M , AMISI S . Content protection in video data based on robust digital watermarking resistant to intentional and unintentional attacks[J]. The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, 2012,11(2): 204-212.
[11]	ISO/IEC 14496-10,ITU-T Rec.H.264.Advanced video coding[S]. 2003.
[12]	HOROWITZ M , JOCH A , KOSSENTINI F ,et al. H.264/AVC baseline profile decoder complexity analysis[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2003,13(7): 704-716.
[13]	HORNG S J , FARFOURA M E , FAN P Z ,et al. A low cost fragile watermarking scheme in H.264/AVC compressed domain[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2014,72(3): 2469-2495.
[14]	KIM T , PARK K , HONG Y.Video watermarking technique for H . 264/AVC[J]. Optical Engineering, 2012,51(4):047402.
[15]	LI Q , WANG R D , XU D W.Fragile video watermarking algorithm based on H . 264/AVC[J]. Materials Research Innovations, 2013,17: 94-100.
[16]	XU D W , WANG R D.Watermarking in H . 264/AVC compressed domain using Exp-Golomb code words mapping[J]. Optical Engineering, 2011,50(9):097402.
[17]	CHEN T Y , CHEN T H , LIN Y T ,et al. H.264 video authentication based on semi-fragile watermarking[A]. International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing[C]. 2008. 659-662.
[18]	林志高, 孙锬锋, 蒋兴浩 . 基于 VLC 域的 H.264/AVC 视频流内容级认证水印算法[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2011,45(10): 1531-1535. LIN Z G , SUN T F , JIANG X H.A content level watermarking scheme for H . 264/AVC video authentication in VLC domain[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2011,45(10): 1531-1535.
[19]	王小静, 杨高波, 朱宁波 . 基于半脆弱水印的H.264/AVC视频流的内容级认证[J]. 通信学报, 2009,30(11): 71-78. WANG X J , YANG G B , ZHU N B.Content authentication of H . 264/AVC video stream based on semi-fragile watermarking[J]. Journal on Communications, 2009,30(11): 71-78.
[20]	XU D W , WANG R D , WANG J C.A novel watermarking scheme for H . 264/AVC video authentication[J]. Signal Processing:Image Communication, 2011,26: 267-279.
[21]	LIN C Y , CHANG S F . Semi-fragile watermarking for authentication JPEG visual content[A]. Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents[C]. 2000. 140-151.
[22]	LIN C Y , CHANG S F . Issues and solutions for authenticating MPEG video[A]. Proceedings of the SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents[C]. San Jose,CA, 1999. 54-65.
[23]	KIM D W , CHOI Y G , KIM H S ,et al. The problems in digital water marking into intra-frames of H.264/AVC[J]. Image and Vision Computing, 2010,28: 1220-1228.
[24]	SHAHID Z , CHAUMONT M , PUECH W.Considering the reconstruction loop for data hiding of intra-and inter-frames of H . 264/AVC[J]. Signal Image and Video Processing, 2013,7(1): 75-93.
[25]	LIN E T , DELP E J . A review of fragile watermarkings[A]. Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop[C]. Orlando, 1999. 25-29.
[26]	FRIDRICH J . Methods for tamper detection in digital images[A]. Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security[C]. Orlando, 1999. 19-23.
[27]	ZHANG J , HO A T S , QIU G ,et al. Robust video watermarking of H.264/AVC[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II:Express Briefs, 2007,54(2): 205-209.
[28]	HU J Q , HUANG J W , HUANG D R ,et al. Image fragile watermarking based on fusion of multi-resolution tamper detection[J]. Electronics Letters, 2002,38(24): 1512-1513.
[29]	王向阳, 陈利科 . 一种新的自适应半脆弱水印算法[J]. 自动化学报, 2007,33(4): 361-366. WANG X Y , CHEN L K . A novel adaptive semi-fragile watermarking scheme based on image content[J]. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2007,33(4): 361-366.
[30]	段贵多, 赵希, 李建平 ,等. 一种新颖的用于图像内容认证、定位和恢复的半脆弱数字水印算法研究[J]. 电子学报, 2010,38(4): 842-847. DUAN G D , ZHAO X , LI J P ,et al. A novel semi-fragile digital watermarking algorithm for image content authentication,localization and recovery[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2010,38(4): 842-847.

Metrics

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

测试序列	QP=26		QP=28		QP=30
测试序列	文献[20]	本文算法	文献[20]	本文算法	文献[20]	本文算法
Foreman	0.895 2	0.963 0	0.912 2	0.982 5	0.867 5	0.981 3
Mobile	0.956 3	0.986 5	0.949 8	0.987 6	0.943 1	0.988 3
Coastguard	0.887 9	0.968 3	0.907 2	0.966 3	0.873 8	0.968 5
Hall	0.875 6	0.967 7	0.889 3	0.987 2	0.867 2	0.982 7
Flower	0.814 5	0.979 8	0.853 2	0.983 2	0.813 2	0.982 1

测试序列		PSNR/dB			码率/(kbit·s^?1)
测试序列	原始	文献[27]	本文	原始	文献[27]	本文
Foreman	37.49	36.96	36.98	283.9	323.58	354.27
Mobile	35.43	34.86	35.22	1 260.20	1 307.02	1 296.12
Coastguard	35.45	35.24	35.25	865.95	887.90	921.89
Hall	38.30	37.64	37.65	206.89	238.17	275.39
Flower	36.44	35.89	36.18	1 096.27	1 135.86	1 139.13

测试序列	QP=26		高斯噪声(方差0.000 5)		椒盐噪声(密度0.01)		高斯低通滤波(5×5)
测试序列	文献[27]	本文	文献[27]	本文	文献[27]	本文	文献[27]	本文
Foreman	0.847 2	0.910 9	0.841 4	0.784 2	0.766 7	0.832 5	0.849 5	0.873 1
Mobile	0.888 9	0.926 6	0.800 0	0.821 7	0.838 4	0.871 4	0.868 7	0.935 0
Coastguard	0.913 6	0.938 8	0.829 0	0.813 0	0.800 8	0.852 8	0.891 4	0.911 8
Hall	0.792 7	0.850 3	0.763 1	0.723 7	0.705 8	0.840 1	0.743 4	0.851 1
Flower	0.780 6	0.847 8	0.740 2	0.756 8	0.761 4	0.840 2	0.803 5	0.850 9

检测参数				帧序号
检测参数	10	20	30	40	50	60	70
P_FN	2.74	2.52	2.43	3.11	2.75	2.73	2.39
P_FP	5.17	4.63	5.38	5.35	5.43	5.56	5.98
P_D	95.89	96.14	96.79	95.43	95.68	95.24	95.70

检测参数				帧序号
检测参数	10	20	30	40	50	60	70
P_FN	2.79	2.21	2.62	2.26	2.71	2.89	2.13
P_FP	6.13	6.12	5.62	6.74	6.63	6.87	6.07
P_D	95.24	95.64	95.77	95.89	95.15	95.64	95.69

Semi-fragile video watermarking algorithm for H.264/AVC based on cost strategy

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 12

References 30

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Recommended 0

[1]	Jinyin CHEN, Haiyang XIONG, Haonan MA, Yayu ZHENG. CLB-Defense: based on contrastive learning defense for graph neural network against backdoor attack [J]. Journal on Communications, 2023, 44(4): 154-166.
[2]	Yiteng WU, Wei LIU, Hongtao YU. Label flipping adversarial attack on graph neural network [J]. Journal on Communications, 2021, 42(9): 65-74.
[3]	Leqing ZHU,Yu GUO,Lingqiang MO,Daxing ZHANG. DGANS:robustness image steganography model based on double GAN [J]. Journal on Communications, 2020, 41(1): 125-133.
[4]	Xingming ZHANG,Zeyu GU,Shuai WEI,Jianliang SHEN. Markov game modeling of mimic defense and defense strategy determination [J]. Journal on Communications, 2018, 39(10): 143-154.
[5]	Qun ZHANG,Le-quan MIN. Robustness design of templates for logic OR operation CNN in gray-scale images [J]. Journal on Communications, 2014, 35(5): 88-94.
[6]	. Robustness design of templates for logic OR operation CNN in gray-scale images [J]. Journal on Communications, 2014, 35(5): 12-94.
[7]	. Packet-loss robust scalable authentication algorithm for compressed image streaming [J]. Journal on Communications, 2014, 35(4): 20-181.
[8]	Xiao-wei YI,Heng-tai MA,Gang ZHENG,Chang-wen ZHENG. Packet-loss robust scalable authentication algorithm for compressed image streaming [J]. Journal on Communications, 2014, 35(4): 174-181.
[9]	. Low frequency steganography algorithm for H.264/AVC [J]. Journal on Communications, 2013, 34(Z2): 10-50.
[10]	Guang-lu HUA,Zhi-tang LI,Bing FENG. Low frequency steganography algorithm for H.264/AVC [J]. Journal on Communications, 2013, 34(Z2): 47-50.
[11]	Jian-gao LUO,Guo-qiang HAN,Yan WO,Xiang-yang LI. Lossless image authentication algorithm based on adaptive combinations of image basic blocks [J]. Journal on Communications, 2012, 33(6): 64-72.
[12]	Guang-hui YANG,Jian-ping WU,You-jian ZHAO,Shu-tao SUN. Robustness measurement for scalable switch fabric [J]. Journal on Communications, 2012, 33(5): 1-11.
[13]	Wei-wei ZHANG,Ru ZHANG,Jian-yi LIU,Xin-xin NIU,Yi-xian YANG. Robust video watermarking algorithm for H.264/AVC based on texture feature [J]. Journal on Communications, 2012, 33(3): 82-89.
[14]	Tian-yu YE. Self-embedding robust digital watermarking algorithm with perfectly blind detection [J]. Journal on Communications, 2012, 33(10): 7-15.
[15]	Ming-sheng CHEN,Guang-ming LIANG,Ji-xiang SUN,Dong-hua LIU,Jian ZHAO. Moving objects detection method based on H.264 compressed video with complex background [J]. Journal on Communications, 2011, 32(3): 91-97.

检测参数				帧序号
检测参数	10	20	30	40	50	60	70
P_FN	7.76	8.25	8.43	8.62	8.05	8.83	8.24
P_FP	3.56	3.79	3.64	3.28	4.53	3.74	4.32
P_D	94.43	94.18	93.92	93.79	93.86	93.85	93.37