网络系统安全度量综述

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2019148

Abstract

Abstract:

With the improvement for comprehensive and objective understanding of the network system,the research and application of network system security metrics (NSSM) are noticed more.The quantitative evaluation of network system security is developing towards precision and objectification.NSSM can provide the objective and scientific basis for the confrontation of attack-defense and decision of emergency response.The global metrics of network system security is a crucial point in the field of security metrics.From the perspective of global metrics,the status and role of global metrics in security evaluation were pointed out.Three development stages of metrics (perceiving,cognizing and deepening) and their characteristics were analyzed and summarized.The process of global metrics was described.The metrics models,metrics systems and metrics tools were analyzed,and their functions,interrelations,and features in security metrics were pointed out.Then the technical challenges of global metrics of network systems were explained in detail,and ten opportunities and challenges were summarized in tabular form.Finally,the next direction and development trend of network system security metrics research were forecasted.The survey shows that NSSM has a good application prospect in network security.

Key words: network system, security metrics, security evaluation, global metrics

CLC Number:

TP393

WU Chensi,XIE Weiqiang,JI Yixiao,YANG Su,JIA Ziyi,ZHAO Song,ZHANG Yuqing. Survey on network system security metrics[J]. Journal on Communications, 2019, 40(6): 14-31.

Figures/Tables 8

度量指标	度量模型	测度值	测量依据
攻击能力	$E_{A_{i}} = \sum_{j = 1}^{m} E_{a_{i j}}$	攻击行为、效用微分元（客观标量）
防御能力	$E_{D_{i}} = \sum_{k = 1}^{m} E_{d_{i k}}$	防御行为、效用微分元（客观标量）	网络系统组成元素、网络系统拓扑结构（多维加权图）、行为路径曲线、平面向量场

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模型	结合方法	优点	缺点		度量类别
模型	结合方法	优点	缺点	攻防度量	脆弱性度量	风险度量
关联分析	数据挖掘、D-S证据	较客观，方便量化指标	不成熟，需要大量数据	—	文献[39]	文献[40]
随机模型	马尔可夫链、隐马尔可夫	精确刻画系统随机行为，实时性	基于假设，难以验证	文献[48-49]	—	文献[16,47]
数学原理	微分流形、形式化、Petri网	精准度量	处于发展阶段	文献[19]	文献[51]	文献[53]
攻击图	属性图、状态图、贝叶斯网络	攻击度量成熟，全局度量偏攻击化	客观性弱，受算法效率影响	文献[57]	文献[58,61]	文献[62]
博弈论	马尔可夫	刻画攻防本质，易拓展	全局度量函数难设计	文献[63]	—	文献[65]
层次分析	模糊数学、可拓理论、信息熵	有层次性，灵活简单	有主观性，不适用复杂系统	—	—	文献[68]
神经网络	专家系统、熵权法	度量效率高	训练数据量不足	—	—	文献[77]

名称	可量化情况	适用性	优点	缺点
TCSEC	主观量化	为度量指标体系研究提供基础指导方向	技术层面详细，逻辑清晰	强调控制用户，没有关注物理等安全，不再修订
CC	主观量化	适用于一切网络系统，具有普适性	系统刻画了安全的全部内涵，消除重复度量，促进通用性	半形式化语言较难理解，涉及度量体系成本较高，主观性强
BS7799	主客观结合	有法律标准支撑，适用于工商业网络系统	内容详尽，认可度高，度量方法自由选择	每个指标的权重分析不足，测度精度不足
网络安全等级保护基本要求	主客观结合	指标全面细致，实用范围广	范围界定清晰，已上升至法律层面，具有高灵活性	没有衡量攻防过程中的动态变化，缺乏动态指标

问题	方法
全局度量方法学	新的度量体系与流程
指标体系发展	新的指标标准
态势感知与度量	态势感知、行为分析与度量
攻防效用计算	微分流形原理
安全管理度量	新的度量模型对管理进行量化分析
度量高效性	深度学习算法
攻防模拟与可视化度量	利用可视化模拟攻防过程，对系统进行全局度量
度量数据集	建立一个公开、可以作为度量基准的数据集
自动化网络系统度量	利用机器学习确定全局度量模型，自动化度量
网络系统安全度量行业化	结合不同行业网络，使度量落地

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