轨道角动量通信技术的研究

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2020108

Abstract

Abstract:

As the good orthogonality between the different modes of orbital angular momentum (OAM),the application of OAM technology in wireless communication has gained increasing popularity in recent years with great potential for capacity improvement.OAM-based wireless communication technology can effectively improve spectrum utilization,but also brings some challenges.Firstly,the research status and progress of OAM technology in the field of wireless communication were introduced and the relationship between OAM and MIMO technology was compared and analyzed combined with the basic principle of OAM.Moreover,the dispute “Does OAM provides a new dimension?” was concluded.Then,the generation and reception methods of OAM were summarized.The key techniques and application fields were overviewed.Finally,the challenges of the technology in practical application were analyzed and the future development trends and follow-up research directions were point out,which would provide a reference and help for the research in this field.

Key words: orbital angular momentum, modal orthogonality, wireless communication, multiple input multiple output

CLC Number:

TN929.5

Feng ZHENG,Yijian CHEN,Siwei JI,Gaoming DUAN,Guanghui YU. Research on orbital angular momentum communication technology[J]. Journal on Communications, 2020, 41(5): 150-158.

Figures/Tables 5

产生方式	原理	优点	缺点	应用领域
螺旋相位板	利用平面波经过厚度变化或者介电常数变化的圆形介质板引起相位时延，包括 2 种方案：厚度螺旋增加的介质板和多孔型相位板，实际中也采用多阶梯相位板近似	原理简单、成本低	用于高频到光波波段，只能产生单一模数 OAM 波，模数较高时轴心部分加工难度大，波束发散角度大，透射损耗大，复用技术方案复杂	光通信、无线通信
阶梯反射法	各个阶梯之间有相位阶跃，当波束入射时，由于这种特殊的阶梯状结构导致反射波不再是平面，成为波前扭曲的涡旋电磁波	结构简单	只能产生单一模数OAM波，不易小型化
旋转抛物面天线	将抛物面反射器改造为具有螺旋抬升的结构	保留了抛物面天线的优点，不需要相位控制，波束方向性强	只能产生单一模数的OAM波，体积大	无线通信
阵列天线	利用等距圆阵，相邻阵元采用等幅、相位差为 $\frac{2π l}{N}$ 的激励馈电	理论成熟，可产生多个模数的OAM波	馈电结构复杂，高阶模数OAM需要大量天线单元，波束发散角度大，阵元相位误差易导致波前抖动和主瓣宽度增大	无线通信
反射/透射阵列	利用馈源向周期性单元组成的反射/透射面照射，形成OAM波	无复杂的馈电网络	反射/透射面上单元设计复杂	无线通信
波导谐振天线	方案较多，例如行波谐振天线、介质谐振天线等	尺寸小，易集成	传输距离较近，离实用尚有差距	无线通信
电磁超表面天线	通过人工设计的亚波长周期性微结构单元改变入射平面波的电磁特性，从而获得反射或透射的OAM波	尺寸小，易集成	工艺较复杂	光通信、无线通信

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调制方式	特点	优点	缺点
OAM调制	利用OAM模态承载信息	理论上通信容量非常高，频谱利用率高	产生与接收方式复杂，对天线拓扑要求高，不适合远距离通信
LM调制	利用频率、相位、幅度承载信息	技术成熟，成本较低	调制资源有门限，且频谱利用率不高

OAM子类	与MIMO的关系
q-OAM	独立于MIMO外，开辟了新的维度
s-OAM	MIMO子集的特殊形式，对应涡旋波束成形

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