通信学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (2): 208-222.doi: 10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2022027
• 学术通信 • 上一篇
吴德阳1, 胡森2, 王苗苗2, 金海波2, 曲长波2, 唐勇1
修回日期:
2022-01-10
出版日期:
2022-02-25
发布日期:
2022-02-01
作者简介:
吴德阳(1992-),男,广西钦州人,燕山大学博士生,主要研究方向为信息隐藏与数字水印基金资助:
Deyang WU1, Sen HU2, Miaomiao WANG2, Haibo JIN2, Changbo QU2, Yong TANG1
Revised:
2022-01-10
Online:
2022-02-25
Published:
2022-02-01
Supported by:
摘要:
针对目前零水印算法对于受攻击图像和虚警图像生成的零水印区分度不足问题,提出了一种基于区域异或和三值量化的高分辨零水印算法。在零水印生成过程中,首先提取图像的空域特征和频域特征,将载体特征和版权水印进行冗余构造,以频域特征作为索引,将冗余水印分成2个区域,分别与空域特征和混沌矩阵异或,并将异或后的2个区域进行合并得到零水印。在版权认证过程中,从攻击后的图像中提取空域和频域特征,以频域特征作为索引,将零水印分成2个区域,分别与空域特征和混沌矩阵异或,提取冗余构造的水印图像,去冗余操作后,量化成只有3个数值的矩阵作为版权认证结果。实验结果表明,所提算法可有效解决图像零水印的虚警问题,同时在多种攻击下具有较高稳健性,特征提取算法可任意更换,具有较高可扩展性。
中图分类号:
吴德阳, 胡森, 王苗苗, 金海波, 曲长波, 唐勇. 基于区域异或和三值量化的高分辨零水印算法[J]. 通信学报, 2022, 43(2): 208-222.
Deyang WU, Sen HU, Miaomiao WANG, Haibo JIN, Changbo QU, Yong TANG. Discriminative zero-watermarking algorithm based on region XOR and ternary quantization[J]. Journal on Communications, 2022, 43(2): 208-222.
表5
频域特征相似图像虚警测试"
图像 | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 本文三值量化 | 本文二值量化 |
图3(a) | |||||||
0.375 0 | 0.100 6 | 0.335 0 | 0.499 0 | 0.411 1 | 0.775 4 | 0.444 3 | |
图3(b) | |||||||
0.375 0 | 0.426 8 | 0.352 5 | 0.464 8 | 0.398 4 | 0.975 6 | 0.544 0 | |
图3(c) | |||||||
0.250 0 | 0 | 0.247 1 | 0.471 7 | 0.279 3 | 0.802 7 | 0.460 9 | |
图3(d) | |||||||
0.437 5 | 0.238 3 | 0.337 9 | 0.450 2 | 0.350 6 | 0.890 6 | 0.511 7 | |
图3(e) | |||||||
0.375 0 | 0 | 0.292 0 | 0.461 9 | 0.328 1 | 0.779 3 | 0.433 6 |
表6
空域特征相似图像虚警测试"
图像 | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 本文三值量化 | 本文二值量化 |
图4(a) | |||||||
0.375 0 | 0 | 0.250 0 | 0.416 0 | 0.228 5 | 0.981 5 | 0.550 8 | |
图4(b) | |||||||
0.406 3 | 0.324 2 | 0.252 9 | 0.429 7 | 0.282 2 | 0.725 6 | 0.435 6 | |
图4(c) | |||||||
0.312 5 | 0 | 0.210 9 | 0.444 3 | 0.350 6 | 0.982 4 | 0.549 8 | |
图4(d) | |||||||
0.343 8 | 0 | 0.333 0 | 0.466 8 | 0.304 7 | 0.970 7 | 0.546 9 | |
图4(e) | |||||||
0.312 5 | 0 | 0.243 2 | 0.441 4 | 0.109 4 | 0.775 4 | 0.449 2 |
表7
相似图像虚警测试结果"
图像 | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 本文三值量化 | 本文二值量化 |
图12(a) | |||||||
0.375 0 | 0 | 0.226 6 | 0.429 7 | 0.068 4 | 0.766 6 | 0.428 7 | |
图12(b) | |||||||
0.500 0 | 0 | 0.328 1 | 0.425 8 | 0.342 8 | 0.842 8 | 0.476 6 | |
图12(c) | |||||||
0.343 8 | 0 | 0.287 1 | 0.482 4 | 0.370 1 | 0.845 7 | 0.454 1 | |
图12(d) | |||||||
0.406 3 | 0.019 5 | 0.323 2 | 0.463 9 | 0.333 0 | 0.811 5 | 0.442 4 | |
图12(e) | |||||||
0.250 0 | 0 | 0.317 4 | 0.455 1 | 0.371 1 | 0.824 2 | 0.477 5 | |
图12(f) | |||||||
0.250 0 | 0 | 0.235 4 | 0.456 1 | 0.276 4 | 0.644 5 | 0.356 5 |
表8
图13中多幅图像在非几何攻击下的平均误码率和最大误码率"
攻击方法 | 攻击参数 | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 本文二值量化 | |||||||||||
平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | |||||||
高斯 | 0.050 0 | 0.367 2 | 0.468 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.064 1 | 0.149 4 | 0.111 7 | 0.251 0 | 0.109 4 | 0.206 1 | 0.026 7 | 0.062 5 | |||||
噪声 | 0.100 0 | 0.382 8 | 0.593 8 | 0.002 9 | 0.010 7 | 0.075 7 | 0.155 3 | 0.189 6 | 0.376 4 | 0.178 5 | 0.388 7 | 0.040 9 | 0.066 4 | |||||
椒盐 | 0.050 0 | 0.316 4 | 0.531 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.038 2 | 0.083 0 | 0.098 9 | 0.188 6 | 0.086 5 | 0.169 9 | 0.007 2 | 0.013 7 | |||||
噪声 | 0.100 0 | 0.367 2 | 0.656 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.061 8 | 0.151 4 | 0.120 3 | 0.210 1 | 0.123 8 | 0.195 3 | 0.016 1 | 0.023 4 | |||||
中值 | 5×5 | 0.281 3 | 0.437 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.014 0 | 0.021 5 | 0.076 9 | 0.096 7 | 0.046 4 | 0.078 1 | 0.008 3 | 0.024 4 | |||||
滤波 | 11×11 | 0.359 4 | 0.437 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.055 2 | 0.074 2 | 0.125 5 | 0.241 2 | 0.114 5 | 0.238 3 | 0.017 0 | 0.052 7 | |||||
维纳 | 5×5 | 0.273 4 | 0.406 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.009 5 | 0.019 5 | 0.049 8 | 0.071 3 | 0.035 9 | 0.067 4 | 0.004 2 | 0.013 7 | |||||
滤波 | 11×11 | 0.390 6 | 0.468 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.038 0 | 0.050 8 | 0.118 4 | 0.175 8 | 0.103 0 | 0.203 1 | 0.012 5 | 0.026 4 | |||||
JPEG | 10% | 0.363 3 | 0.468 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.049 6 | 0.132 8 | 0.131 7 | 0.271 5 | 0.086 8 | 0.166 0 | 0.013 1 | 0.023 4 | |||||
压缩 | 15% | 0.332 0 | 0.531 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.041 0 | 0.109 4 | 0.092 3 | 0.217 8 | 0.095 6 | 0.172 0 | 0.011 4 | 0.019 5 |
表9
几何攻击下的平均误码率和最大误码率"
攻击方法 | 攻击参数 | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 文献[ | 本文二值量化 | |||||||||||
平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | 平均BER | 最大BER | |||||||
剪切 | 左上1/32 | 0.023 4 | 0.093 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 2 | 0.004 9 | |||||
右下1/16 | 0.019 5 | 0.093 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.202 1 | 0.301 6 | 0.228 4 | 0.377 9 | 0.178 4 | 0.278 4 | 0.002 7 | 0.013 7 | ||||||
旋转 | 顺时针1° | 0.128 9 | 0.152 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 8 | 0.005 9 | 0.003 8 | 0.019 5 | 0.001 5 | 0.002 6 | 0.047 5 | 0.137 7 | |||||
逆时针1.5° | 0.132 8 | 0.160 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 4 | 0.008 8 | 0.007 5 | 0.019 5 | 0.001 9 | 0.002 4 | 0.079 8 | 0.145 5 | ||||||
平移 | 向右1向下2 | 0.109 4 | 0.187 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.109 7 | 0.142 6 | 0.176 7 | 0.253 7 | 0.178 8 | 0.290 0 | 0.046 0 | 0.081 1 | |||||
向左2向上1 | 0.089 8 | 0.218 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.111 6 | 0.158 2 | 0.195 8 | 0.303 8 | 0.179 6 | 0.306 6 | 0.043 6 | 0.083 0 | ||||||
缩放 | 0.500 0 | 0.214 8 | 0.343 8 | 0 | 0 | 0.003 1 | 0.009 8 | 0.003 2 | 0.047 9 | 0.016 7 | 0.032 2 | 0.000 7 | 0.004 9 | |||||
1.500 0 | 0.074 2 | 0.187 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.000 7 | 0.002 9 | 0.004 9 | 0.025 4 | 0.004 4 | 0.015 6 | 0 | 0.001 0 |
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