区块链网络隐蔽信道研究进展

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2022146

Abstract

Abstract:

Characterized by decentration, anonymity, strong robustness and tamper resistance, blockchain accompanied by digital currency is a natural carrier for building the covert communication channel.First, the definition and development history of the network covert channel, the framework of blockchain technology and the traditional network covert channel were introduced and the advantages of the channel in the blockchain were given.Thus, the channel in blockchain was classified on the basis of transaction address, signature algorithm, smart contract and P2P broadcast mechanism.The merits and demerits were analyzed in terms of crypticity, transmission efficiency, and communication costs.Lastly, problems and the future research direction of the network covert channel in blockchain were presented.

Key words: network covert channel, covert communication, blockchain, transmission efficiency, communication cost

CLC Number:

TP309.2

Leixiao LI, Jinze DU, Hao LIN, Haoyu GAO, Yanyan YANG, Jing GAO. Research progress of blockchain network covert channel[J]. Journal on Communications, 2022, 43(9): 209-223.

Figures/Tables 15

References 62

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方法名	特点	存在问题
BLOCCE	发送方生成多个支付地址，支付地址的最低有效位（LSB, least	①发送方随机生成的地址要匹配编码后信息的LSB或低α位，所
	significant bit）按顺序与加密后的隐秘信息组合相映射，设定	用时间成本并未考虑
	信息开始符作为通信开始的标志，按顺序向区块链广播交易	②通信开始前节点有意外生成信息开始符的可能，误以为通信
BLOCCE+	较之 BLOCCE 每次通信都需要传递信息开始符，该方法将隐	开始；并且在网络时延或交易费用大小不同的情况下，交易不
	秘信息和信息开始符一起编码，前一次通信就传递了下一次	一定会按提交顺序被打包到某个特定的区块，接收方接收的隐
	的信息开始符，减少了过多的信息传递，提升了隐蔽性；将	秘信息可能是混乱的
	原有对LSB的信息嵌入改为对地址的低α位信息嵌入，在同一	③没有提取特殊交易的筛选方法，需要遍历区块中的全部交
	区块中打包入多笔交易	易，效率极低
V-BLOCCE	Vanitygen 可以随机生成符合要求的地址，并且可以准确搜索	每笔交易只有一个 OP_RETURN 字段，如果隐秘信息较长，需
	特定前缀、后缀或常规匹配的地址，信息嵌入地址中的速度	将索引写入多个 OP_RETURN 字段。而该字段使用率只占比特
	加快；采用 Base58 编码方式代替二进制编码，嵌入的信息量	币交易的极少部分^[38]，如果连续多个 OP_RETURN 字段都含有
	是 BLOCCE 的lb58倍；地址序列索引信息加密后写入交易的	特殊内容，易被检测
	OP_RETURN字段，不需要按交易提交的顺序打包入区块

载体类型	文献	简要介绍		评价指标
载体类型	文献	简要介绍	隐蔽性	传输效率	通信成本
交易地址	文献[18]	利用地址的LSB编码信息，每次共享信息开始符	低	低	高
	文献[36]	利用地址的低α位编码信息并将信息开始符也编码入信息序列中	低	低	高
	文献[37]	base58编码信息嵌入多个Vanitygen生成地址的LSB，索引写入OP_RETURN	低	中	中
	文献[39]	将信息直接编码入公钥中生成交易地址	高	低	高
	文献[40]	将交易金额矩阵与交易地址索引矩阵结合	中	中	高
签名算法	文献[45]	设计窃密算法生成特殊签名，只有信息接收方可提取交易	高	中	高
	文献[47]	利用门罗币环签名特性，将信息编码入环签名公钥集中	中	低	低
智能合约	文献[49]	依据图像隐写术编码信息并调用智能合约传递	低	高	低
	文献[50]	依据投票合约选项和投标合约价格的不同编码信息	中	中	低
P2P 广播机制	文献[51]	信息分片写入交易coinbase字段，利用交易广播机制建立联系传输交易	低	低	高
	文献[53-54]	利用以太坊Whisper协议传输信息	中	高	低
	文献[57]	基于时间间隔与节点唯一性标识符结合编码信息进行通信	高	低	低

嵌入机制	嵌入机制描述	类型	信道容量	隐蔽性
LSB方式	利用载体的最低有效位，例如xxx1、xxx0	显示嵌入	1 bit	低
存储字段	载体本身字段，例如OP_RETURN、输入输出字段	显示嵌入	80 byte，2 000 byte	低
金额字段	交易中的金额字段	显示嵌入	28 bit	低
直接写入	加密算法加密后直接写入载体，例如Whisper协议	显示嵌入	255 bit	低
特殊地址	通过哈希算法等方法生成特殊地址	隐示嵌入	1 bit	高
签名字段	嵌入数字签名算法中的随机数k	隐示嵌入	255 bit	高
时间间隔	交易广播时间间隔区分隐秘信息	隐示嵌入	1 bit	高

筛选机制	筛选机制描述	类型	传输效率	隐蔽性
固定地址	具体的某一固定地址	固定标签	高	低
固定存储字段	载体固定的字符串字段	固定标签	高	低
地址索引矩阵	预共享的地址索引矩阵	固定标签	高	低
环签名公钥集	门罗币环签名公钥集	固定标签	高	低
特殊地址	根据特殊算法计算而成	动态标签	低	高
动态区块高度	将交易的区块高度作为标签	动态标签	低	高
动态区块号	将交易的区块号作为标签	动态标签	低	高
动态地址链	将交易的输入输出连成链	动态标签	低	高

Research progress of blockchain network covert channel

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