面向物联网区块链的共识机制优化研究

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-0801.2020037

Abstract

Abstract:

The essence of the blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger system.The Internet of things is interconnected by massive heterogeneous terminals and has natural distributed characteristics.Therefore,the combinedIoT blockchain is widely optimistic.At the same time,due to the heterogeneity of the IoT-aware terminal,the limited computing capacity and the ability of data transmission,the IoT blockchain faces great challenges.The password consensus technology has become a key issue.On the basis of summarizing the current blockchain consensus algorithm,its applicability to the IoT blockchain was analyzed,the current application status of several IoT blockchain platforms and consensus mechanisms was introduced,and the optimization research progress of the consensus mechanismin IoT blockchain was described.Finally,the optimization technology of the IoT blockchain and the potential research directions were summarized.

Key words: blockchain, IoT, consensus mechanism, DAG, intelligent enhancement, lightweight password

CLC Number:

TP311

Qijie SONG,Tieming CHEN,Yuan CHEN,Dongjie MA,Zhengqiu WENG. Research on consensus mechanism optimization for IoT blockchain[J]. Telecommunications Science, 2020, 36(2): 1-12.

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分类	共识算法	提出时间	计算消耗	容忍恶意节点数	去中心化程度	可监管性	应用
	PoW^[18](Proof of Work)	1999年	大	<1/2	完全	弱	比特币，Permacoin
	PoS^[19](Proof of Stake)	2011年	中等	<1/2	完全	弱	Peercoin
	DPoS^[20](Delegated Proof of Stake)	2013年	低	<1/2	完全	弱	EOS
	Ouroboros^[21]	2017年	低	<1/2	半中心化	强	Cardno
	PoA^[22](Proof of Activity)	2014年	大	<1/2	半中心化	强	以太坊私链，Oracles Network
	PoB^[23](Proof of Burn)	2014年	大	<1/2	半中心化	强	Slimcoin
证明类共识	PoC^[24](Proof of Capacity)	2016年	大	—	完全	弱	文件共享
	PoD(Proof of Devotion)	—	中等	—	半中心化	强	星云链
	PoE^[25](Proof of Existence)	2016年	未知	—	完全	弱	HeroNode、DragonChain
	PoI^[26](Proof of Importance)	2015年	低	—	完全	弱	NEM
	PoR^[27](Proof of Retrievability)	2014年	低	<1/4	完全	弱	文件共享
	PoET^[28](Proof of Elapsed Time)	2017年	小	<1/2	半中心化	强	锯齿湖（sawtooth lake）
	PoP^[29](Proof of Publication)	2012年	大	<1/4	完全	弱	Bitcoin
拜占庭共识	PBFT^[9,10]	1999年	低	<1/3	半中心化	强	超级账本
	Raft	2013年		—	半中心化	强	etcd
有向无环图	DAG^[16](directed acyclic graph）	—	低	—	完全	弱	IoTA

项目名称	共识算法	应用类型	缺点	优点	扩展性	安全性	性能
μNEST	DPoS	公链	去中心化程度低，内部共识依赖	效率上较PoW和PoS更	弱	强	较高
EOSIoT			代币。节点少时代表性不强	好，出块速度更快
IoTEX	Roll-DPoS	公链	依赖代币，选取代表节点方式可	通过随机选择节点，使每	较强	强	较高
			能不适用于完全去中心化场景	个节点都有机会参与到
				记账过程中
IoTA	DAG	公链	无全局排序，不支持强一性，高	吞吐量高，异步通信无中	强	弱	高
			效实现较复杂	央控制

应用方向	相关工作	概述	性能优势
共识算法改进	基于信任的PoW算法改进^[33]	对节点的可信任性进行评估，通过系数调节每个节点的挖矿难度	增加恶意节点的算力消耗，使之得不到记账权，同时在选择时降低选中恶意节点的概率，增加容错性
	基于PBFT的容错优化^[34]	使用离群检测算法，通过数据进行恶意节点划分	将共识算法分层，第一层使用恶意节点检测并分辨出恶意节点，第二层进行PBFT共识。增强容错性
	DRL助力共识机制^[35]	使用深度强化学习进行块生成等调整	将DRL技术运用于块的生成、调整，动态调节系统达到平衡、高效
	DAG主链子链结合^[36]	基于 DAG 的主链子链形式区分领域和区块	DAG 的主子链形式有效增加了区块链的吞吐量，同时减小了区块数据的存储
数据层优化	基于数据压缩的区块链系统^[37]	将区块链中的数据区块进行压缩，降低存储空间，缓解设备存储压力	大大增强设备的存储能力，降低因设备存储空间过小造成的性能问题
	基于FPGA存储模块的高性能数据读写架构^[38]	制作外部存储模块，通信过程中请求高性能存储模块而非服务器	高性能的存储模块有效提高了数据的读写，降低数据在传输过程中的性能消耗，提高共识效率
	通过边缘计算对数据进行整理优化^[39]	通过边缘计算和分布式结合的方式验证数据质量	在区块链架构中提出边缘计算层，改善数据质量和错误数据检测，增强共识容错率
架构服务优化	物联网+区块链架构与服务^[40,41]	将区块链中的不同层与物联网中不同层进行结合，构建新架构	架构的整合规避了物联网存在的缺点，将两者结合形成稳定的新结构，使区块链应用于物联网上

研究方向	简要概述
共识机制的智能增强	（1）结合人工智能创新共识机制
	（2）传统共识智能优化
	（3）智能主力DAG
	（4）大规模分布式共识机制研究
数据的合理优化	（1）区块数据存储优化
	（2）存储模式性能优化
物联网区块链新架构	（1）轻节点应用研究
	（2）侧链和扩展性研究
交易性能提升	（1）雾节点计算的应用
	（2）面向区块链的计算芯片研制
	（3）轻量级密码的研究应用
	（4）面向物联网区块链的分片技术

Research on consensus mechanism optimization for IoT blockchain

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