双网络层方案——全新的下一代互联网解决方案

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0801.2014.08.020

Abstract

Abstract:

Traditional IPng solution——IPv6, extends the address space by extending the length of the address laterally. Thus it's incompatible with IPv4 and difficult to promote. A new solution: reuse the IP addresses by extending the protocol stack longitudinally was presented. In this way, it can not only get very big address space, but also have very good compatibility with current IPv4 network. So the upgrade has minimal impact, requires a minimum investment, and can be quickly deployed.

Key words: internet, IP-the next generation, IPv4, IPv6, double-network-layer

Shi Li. Double-Network-Layer, a New Solution for IPng[J]. Telecommunications Science, 2014, 30(8): 136-148.

Figures/Tables 12

	IPv6	NAT	TCP/DN/IP
全球标识	全球唯一IPv6地址	无全球唯一身份	全球唯一域名标识；
寻址根据			IP域内也可根据IP地址标识
地址空间	2¹²⁸≈3.4×10³⁸	2³²×65 536/200=1.4×10^12①	＞＞10^95②
地址分配	由国际组织统一分配，需申请	用户在国际组织预留的地址段内自主分配	可以在自己的IP域内自主分配整个地址空间的地址，并可自由设置数量无限的子域
转发机制	根据IPv6地址和路由表转发	需进行私网IP:port 到公网IP:port 的映射并保留映射关系，必要时还要作为ALG 直接改变应用层中的IP 地址，功能复杂	在IP域内按传统方式转发；跨IP域时根据域名转发
现网兼容性	改造所有3层及3层以上设备，投资大，时间长；升级全网DNS服务器；需要运营商统一更换用户家庭网关，成本极高；因为地址格式不同，升级过渡阶段需要复杂的地址转换以实现两网互通	NAT444要求运营商在网内部署大量电信级NAT设备以解决地址不足的问题；作为 IPv6过渡技术的一些方案中的NAT需要运营商统一更换用户家庭网关	运营商只需要升级边界路由器（相当于国际出口）和域内DNS服务器；IPv4网络永远使用不必关闭；同IP域内主机不升级也不影响使用；未升级的主机无法完成跨IP域的访问，但需要时主机可以很容易地升级
迁移动力	运营商投资巨大却无实际回报。SP迁移正常运营的系统也无实际回报，并且必须长时间维护两个平台的系统。由于IPv6网内资源极少，用户更愿意留在IPv4网内；对所有各方，升级的感受都是负面的；同时，发达国家IPv4地址充足不急于升级，导致其他国家必须长期开通IPv4网络	运营商不得不部署大量电信级NAT 网关以解决地址不足问题，满足业务发展要求；SP不得不为NAT之后的用户设计特别的方案，导致了业务的复杂化和投资的增加；宽带用户在多终端接入与损失对称性之间权衡，不得已选择前者；对各方而言升级都利弊参半，属于不得已而为之	用户、业务提供商升级到双栈系统之后原有资源可以无障碍访问，升级是水到渠成之事；运营商只需要升级极少量设备，即可解决地址不足的问题；SP不升级仍可为域内提供服务，升级则可给全球提供服务；用户不升级仍可访问域内主机，升级则可访问全球；对所有各方，升级的感受都是正面的
用户接入	对称	不对称；	对称
		NAT444的引入甚至导致了NAT嵌套，进一步破坏了网络的对称性，网络将向主从结构演化；
		需要特殊的配置或者公网主机的协调，私网内的主机才能接收外部主机发起的连接
域名查询	DNS需返回IPv6地址	没有变化	DNS 实际承担起跨 IP 域间路由的任务，需要对DNS进行一定的改造
升级平滑度	不平滑。需要地址翻译，可能形成孤岛。新旧网络很难互通		平滑。新旧网络几乎融为一体

References 11

1	RFC1550. IP:Next Generation（IPng）White Paper Solicitation, 1993
2	RFC1752. The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol, 1995
3	RFC2373. IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture, 1998
4	RFC1034. Domain Names-Conceptsand Facilities, 1987
5	RFC1035. Domain Names-Implementation and Specification, 1987
6	RFC1123. Requirements for Internet Hosts——Application and Support, 1989
7	IETF. NAT444（draft-shirasaki-nat444-06）, 2012
8	IETF. LAFT6: Lightweight Address Family Transition for IPv6 （draft-sun-v6ops-laft6-01）, 2011
9	IPv6发展为何如此纠结. 人民邮电报, 2013-10-10
10	姜明 . IPv6协议产生的背景过程和现状.
11	Marsan D C . What happens if IPv6 fails. Network world, 2011

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设备	IP域	域名地址	IP地址
cn域内主机	cn.	host.cn.	100.100.100.100
CN DNR	cn.	dnr.cn.	1.1.1.1
CN DNR	.	dnr.cn.	2.2.2.2
US DNS	.	dns.us.	3.3.3.4
US DNR	.	dnr.us.	3.3.3.3
US DNR	us.	dnr.us.	1.1.1.1
us域内主机	us.	host.us.	100.100.100.100

域名	类型	IP地址
host1.cn.	A/DNA	xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
…	A/DNA	xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
hostn.cn.	A/DNA	xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
*.	DNA	1.1.1.1

协议栈层次	源、目标主机地址
域名层	Dst:host.us
	Src:host.cn
IP层	Dst:1.1.1.1
	Src:100.100.100.100

域名	类型	值
us.	NS	3.3.3.4

域名	类型	值
*.us.	DNA	3.3.3.3

Double-Network-Layer, a New Solution for IPng

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