中文文本信息隐藏研究进展

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2019208

Abstract

Abstract:

Text information hiding is an important technology to protect the security and integrity of text content.The research progress of Chinese text information hiding was reviewed.According to the clue of Chinese text information hiding,the existing algorithms were divided into three categories,algorithms based on text images,algorithms based on text format and algorithms based on text content.The implementation process of each type of algorithm was elaborated and the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm were analyzed.At the same time,their principles,embedded capacity and anti-attack capability was compared and analyzed.In addition,the problems existing in Chinese text information hiding technology was summarized,and the research trends were discussed in the future.It is expected to provide reference for research in this field.

Key words: information hiding, text steganography, Chinese text information hiding, text feature

CLC Number:

TP309

Guohua WU,Lichun GONG,Lifeng YUAN,Ye YAO. Review of information hiding on Chinese text[J]. Journal on Communications, 2019, 40(9): 145-156.

Figures/Tables 5

	子类	文献	原理	嵌入能力	局限
基于文本图像的算法		Ding等^[12]	微调单词间距，在文本行间表现的正弦曲线中编码水印	取决于对波的采样方式与文本行数	受噪声干扰很难精确提取，嵌入容量低，稳健性差
	普通文本应用	Kim等^[13]	文本图像行直方图的子图一致性特征	一行嵌入1 bit	高强度噪声破坏隐藏信息，嵌入容量低，稳健性差
		赵星阳等^[14]	调整二值文本图像字符阶梯边缘	一行嵌入1 bit	受噪声干扰水印稳健性差
		Behrooz等^[15]	两端对齐文本的HL条件	一个HL嵌入4 bit	HL特征不稳定，适用长文本
		亓文法等^[16]	打印扫描比值不变量，翻转字符图像边界上的像素点	一个嵌入字符隐藏1 bit	易受噪声干扰，字符切割严格有序
	打印扫描应用	Tan等^[17]	调整字符图像的可旋转笔画	旋转一个笔画嵌入1 bit	易受图像旋转，噪声攻击
		雷敏等^[18]	相邻字符图像的相对高度	满足相对高度关系的2个字符嵌入1 bit	相对高度的相邻汉字较为随机，无法抵抗OCR攻击
基于文本格式的算法	文本间距	Low等^[19]	基于字移编码、行移编码	调整的一个单词或一行嵌入1 bi	仅用于非盲水印
		杨洁等^[20]	字移编码与行移动编码结合	调整的一个单词或一行嵌入1 bi	降低隐蔽性提高嵌入容量
		付兵等^[21]	基于Unicode编码奇偶性与字符属性修改	每个字符嵌入1 bit	严格按照初始位置提取，水印稳健性差
		陆绿等^[22]	基于Unicode编码奇偶性	每个字嵌入1 bit	只适用于Unicode编码字符
		张洪礼等^[23]	基于词平台汉字编码	每个词嵌入2 bit	编码资源冗余
		刘豪等^[24]	修改字符蓝色分量编码值	每个字嵌入1 bit	隐蔽性低，嵌入容量低
		Tang等^[25]	基于字符颜色属性RGB的3个通道的最低位值	每个字嵌入3 bit	隐蔽性较低
	字符编码	Liu等^[26]	基于不可见ASCII字符替换	每个段落嵌入1 bit	嵌入能力低
		崔光明等^[27]	基于不可见ASCII字符替换	与文本中空格数量与约束函数选择相关	受限于字符的编码方式
		张震宇等^[28]	基于 Unicode 编码的不可见字符嵌入	每个句子嵌入2 bit	受限于字符的编码方式
		Stefano等^[29]	基于Unicode编码同形字	同形字符嵌入1 bit	稳健性较差
		杨德明等^[30]	word文档中未使用属性隐藏信息	与其未使用属性空间大小相关	仅用于特定版本的word文档
	文件格式	Zhong等^[31]	pdf文档行末标识符不显示的特性	每行嵌入1 bit	仅用于pdf文档
		Yang等^[32]	xml文档标记的排列组合	与其标签排列组合数相关	仅用于xml文档
基于文本内容的算法		赵敏之等^[33]	增删句中助词“的”字	修改一个“的”字嵌入1 bit	分析句子过程较复杂
	基于语法方法	Meng等^[34]	利用句式变换改变句长	修改一个句子长度嵌入1 bit	计算复杂度高，嵌入率低
		Meng等^[35]	计算句子熵提取零水印	零水印与阈值的设定有关	未考虑停用词的影响
		Chiang等^[37]	基于同义词替换	每替换一个同义词嵌入1 bit	算法复杂，且无法抵抗同义词替换攻击
		甘灿等^[38]	筛选出适合替换中文同义词	取决于同义词编码位数	无法抵抗同义词替换攻击
		姜传贤等^[39]	筛选出中文文本主题句并用句内同义词替换	取决于主题句数量与同义词编码方式	无法抵抗同义词替换攻击
	基于语义方法	Chang等^[40]	英文同义词筛选与顶点着色编码	取决于同义词编码方式	无法抵抗同义词替换攻击
		杨潇等^[41]	基于矩阵编码的同义词替换	取决于矩阵编码效率	无法抵抗同义词替换攻击
		Wu等^[42]	基于LZW同义词替换	取决LZW效率	无法抵抗同义词替换攻击
		Zhang等^[43]	基于词阶图无载体信息隐藏	以词为嵌入单位，容量不受限	顺序提取，且通信过程开销较大
		Sun等^[44]	基于左右结构汉字偏旁拆分	每个左右结构汉字嵌入1 bit	无法抵抗对左右结构汉字的添加、删除、替换攻击
		Wang等^[45]	将左右、上下结构汉字偏旁拆分结合可逆的方法	每个上下、左右结构汉字嵌入1 bit	无法抵抗对上下、左右结构汉字的添加、删除、替换攻击
		Fei等^[46]	基于汉字多音字	相邻2个多音字间嵌入16 bit	无法抵抗对多音字的添加、删除、替换攻击
	基于汉语特征方法	Zhu等^[47]	基于汉字声韵母的零水印方法	取决于音数值阈值的选取	对文本内容的添加、删除、替换攻击水印的稳健性较弱
		Tang等^[48]	以8笔画汉字定位嵌入点	每个8笔画汉字嵌入16 bit	无法抵抗对8笔画汉字的添加、删除、替换攻击
		Liu等^[49]	基于汉字笔画数的零水印方法	取决于选取笔画数设定的阈值	无法抵抗对汉字的添加、删除、替换攻击
		孙新梅等^[50]	基于简体字与繁体字替换	取决于其算法选取的嵌入方式	无法抵抗对嵌入位置上汉字的添加、删除、替换攻击

References 55

[1]	刘智涛 . 基于信息隐藏技术研究综述[J]. 工业仪表与自动化装置, 2015(3): 13-15.
	LIU Z T . Summary of the research based on information hiding technique[J]. Industrial Instrumentation ＆ Automation, 2015(3): 13-15.
[2]	陈威兵, 杨高波, 陈日超 ,等. 数字视频真实性和来源的被动取证[J]. 通信学报, 2011,32(6): 177-183.
	CHEN W B , YANG G B , CHEN R C ,et al. Digital video passive forensics for its authenticity and source[J]. Journal on Communications, 2011,32(6): 177-183.
[3]	舒后, 杨潮, 何薇 . 基于文本内容的数字水印算法的设计与实现[J]. 计算机工程与设计, 2008,29(5): 1299-1302.
	SHU H , YANG C , HE W . Design and implementation of digital watermarking algorithm based on text[J]. Computer Engineering and Design, 2008,29(5): 1299-1302.
[4]	FENG B , WANG Z H , WANG D ,et al. A novel,reversible,Chinese text information hiding scheme based on lookalike traditional and simplified Chinese characters[J]. KSII Transactions on Internet ＆ Information Systems, 2014,8(1): 269-281.
[5]	KAMARUDDIN N S , KAMSIN A , POR L Y ,et al. A review of text watermarking:theory,methods and applications[J]. IEEE Access, 2018,6(1): 8011-8028.
[6]	林新建, 唐向宏, 王静 . 编码与同义词替换结合的可逆文本水印算法[J]. 中文信息学报, 2015,29(4): 151-158.
	LIN X J , TANG X H , WANG J . A reversible text watermarking algorithm based on coding and synonymy substitution[J]. Journal of Chinese Information Processing, 2015,29(4): 151-158.
[7]	冯春晖, 徐正全, 郑兴辉 ,等. 数字可视媒体取证[J]. 通信学报, 2014,35(4): 155-165.
	FENG C H , XU Z Q , ZHENG X H ,et al. Digital visual media forensics[J]. Journal on Communications, 2014,35(4): 155-165.
[8]	JALIL Z , MIRZA A M , JABEEN H . Word length based zero-watermarking algorithm for tamper detection in text documents[C]// International Conference on Computer Engineering ＆ Technology. IEEE, 2010: 378-382.
[9]	周继军, 杨著, 钮心忻 . 文本信息隐藏检测算法研究[J]. 通信学报, 2004,25(12): 97-101.
	ZHOU J J , YANG Z , NIU X X . Research on the detecting algorithm of text document information hiding[J]. Journal on Communications, 2004,25(12): 97-101.
[10]	MILAD T A , LI Q , HOU J . Modern text hiding,text steganalysis,and applications:a comparative analysis[J]. Entropy, 2019,21(4):355.
[11]	褚勇俊, 张云华 . 面向文本图像的地纹数字水印研究[J]. 工业控制计算机, 2013,26(3): 65-66.
	CHU Y J , ZHANG Y H . Study on document watermarking using block-patterns for text images[J]. Industrial Control Computer, 2013,26(3): 65-66.
[12]	DING H , HONG Y . Interword distance changes represented by sine waves for watermarking text images[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2002,11(12): 1237-1245.
[13]	KIM Y W , OH I S . Watermarking text document images using edge direction histograms[J]. Pattern Recognition Letters, 2004,25(11): 1243-1251.
[14]	赵星阳, 孙继银, 李琳琳 ,等. 基于字符阶梯边沿调整的文本水印算法[J]. 计算机应用, 2008,28(12): 3175-3178.
	ZHAO X Y , SUN J Y , LI L L ,et al. Watermarking of text images using character step edge adjustment[J]. Computer Application, 2008,28(12): 3175-3178.
[15]	BEHROOZ K , BEHNAM K , BAHMAN K ,et al. A new method for pdf steganography in justified texts[J]. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 2019,(45): 61-70.
[16]	亓文法, 李晓龙, 杨斌 ,等. 用于信息追踪的文本水印算法[J]. 通信学报, 2008,29(10): 183-190.
	QI W F , LI X L , YANG B ,et al. Document watermarking scheme for information tracking[J]. Journal on Communications, 2008,29(10): 183-190.
[17]	TAN L N , SUN X , SUN G . Print-scan resilient text image watermarking based on stroke direction modulation for Chinese document authentication[J]. Radio engineering, 2012,21(1): 170-181.
[18]	雷敏, 杨榆, 胡若翔 . 基于中文汉字复杂度的抗打印扫描文本水印算法[J]. 北京邮电大学学报, 2015,38(s1): 58-62.
	LEI M , YANG Y , HU R X . A print resilient watermark scheme based on character complexity[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2015,38(s1): 58-62.
[19]	LOW S H , MAXEMCHUK N F , BRASSIL J T ,et al. Document marking and identification using both line and word shifting[C]// Infocom 95 Fourteenth Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer ＆Communications Societies Bringing Information to People. IEEE, 1995: 853-860.
[20]	杨洁, 张敏瑞 . 基于行移和字移编码的二值文本数字水印技术[J]. 西安邮电学院学报, 2006,11(3): 101-105.
	YANG J , ZHANG M R . Document marking technique based on both line and word shifting[J]. Journal of Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2006,11(3): 101-105.
[21]	付兵 . 基于字符 Unicode 编码奇偶性的文本信息隐藏算法研究[J]. 福建电脑, 2008,24(12):66.
	FU B . Research on text information hiding algorithms based on Unicode coding parity[J]. Fujian Computer, 2008,24(12):66.
[22]	陆绿, 方勇 . 基于字符 Unicode 奇偶性的数字水印设计与实现[J]. 计算机技术与发展, 2010,20(8): 176-179.
	LU L , FANG Y . Design and implementation of digital watermark based on parity of Unicode[J]. Computer Technology ＆ Development, 2010,20(8): 176-179.
[23]	张洪礼, 刘丹, 温学谦 ,等. 基于词平台汉字编码的文本信息隐藏算法[J]. 计算机工程, 2010,36(7): 150-152.
	ZHANG H L , LIU D , WEN X Q ,et al. Text information hiding algorithm based on Chinese characters coding in words platform[J]. Computer Engineering, 2010,36(7): 150-152.
[24]	刘豪, 孙星明, 刘晋飚 . 基于字体颜色的文本数字水印算法[J]. 计算机工程, 2005,31(15): 129-131.
	LIU H , SUN X M , LIU J B . Color-based watermarking algorithm for text documents[J]. Computer Engineering, 2005,31(15): 129-131.
[25]	TANG X , CHEN M . Design and implementation of information hiding system based on RGB[C]// International Conference on Consumer Electronics. IEEE, 2013: 217-220.
[26]	LIU F , LUO P , MA Z ,et al. Security secret information hiding based on hash function and invisible ASCII characters replacement[C]// Trustcom/bigdatase/ispa. IEEE, 2016: 1963-1969.
[27]	崔光明, 洪星, 袁翔 . 基于不可见字符替换的信息隐藏方法研究[J]. 计算机应用与软件, 2016,33(4): 277-280.
	CUI G M , HONG X , YUAN X ,et al. Research on information hiding based on invisible characters replacement[J]. Computer Applications＆ Software, 2016,33(4): 277-280.
[28]	张震宇, 李千目, 戚湧 . 基于不可见字符的文本水印设计[J]. 南京理工大学学报（自然科学版）, 2017,41(4): 405-411.
	ZHANG Z Y , LI Q M , QI Y . Text watermarking design based on invisible characters[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2017,41(4): 405-411.
[29]	STEFANO G R , FLAVIO B , DANILO M . Content-preserving text watermarking through Unicode homoglyph substitution[C]// .International Database Engineering ＆ Applications Symposium. ACM, 2016: 97-104.
[30]	杨德明, 郭盛 . 基于 Word 文档的数据隐藏方法[J]. 计算机应用与软件, 2015,32(5): 314-318.
	YANG D M , GUO S . Data hiding method based on word document[J]. Computer Applications and Software, 2015,32(5): 314-318.
[31]	ZHONG Z Y , GUO Y H , XU G A . Digital watermarking algorithm based on structure of PDF document[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2012,32(10): 2776-2778.
[32]	YANG J , . Algorithm of XML document information hiding based on equal element[C]// International Conference on Computer Science ＆Information Technology. IEEE, 2010: 250-253.
[33]	赵敏之, 孙星明, 向华政 . 基于虚词变换的自然语言信息隐藏算法研究[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2006,42(3): 158-160.
	ZHAO M Z , SUN X M , XIANG H Z . Research on the Chinese text steganography based on the modification of the empty word[J]. Computer Engineering and Application, 2006,42(3): 158-160.
[34]	MENG Y J , GUO X P , ZHANG W ,et al. Text watermarking algorithm based on sentence length[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2007,43(32): 52-54.
[35]	MENG Y J , GUO T , GUO Z H . Chinese text zero-watermark based on sentence’s entropy[C]// International Conference on Multimedia Technology. 2010: 1-4.
[36]	徐迎晖, 杨榆, 钮心忻 . 基于语义的文本隐藏方法[J]. 计算机系统应用, 2006,15(6): 91-94.
	XU Y H , YANG Y , NIU X X . Text steganography based on sementic[J]. Application of Computer System, 2006,15(6): 91-94.
[37]	CHIANG Y L , CHANG L P , HSIEH W T ,et al. Natural language watermarking using semantic substitution for Chinese text[C]// Digital Watermarking,Second International Workshop. DBLP, 2003: 192-140.
[38]	甘灿, 孙星明, 刘玉玲 . 一种改进的基于同义词替换的中文文本信息隐藏方法[J]. 东南大学学报(自然科学版), 2007,37(s1): 137-140.
	GAN C , SUN X M , LIU Y L . Improved steganographic algorithm based on synonymy substitution for Chinese text[J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2007,37(s1): 137-140.
[39]	姜传贤, 陈孝威, 李智 . 基于文本重要内容的稳健水印算法[J]. 自动化学报, 2010,36(9): 1250-1256.
	JIANG C X , CHEN X W , LI Z . Robust text watermarking based on significant components[J]. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2010,36(9): 1250-1256.
[40]	CHANG C Y , CLARK S . Practical linguistic steganography using contextual synonym substitution and vertex color coding[C]// The 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. ACM, 2010: 1194-1203.
[41]	杨潇, 李峰, 向凌云 . 基于矩阵编码的同义词替换隐写算法[J]. 小型微型计算机系统, 2015,36(6): 1296-1300.
	YANG X , LI F , XIANG L Y . Synonym substitution-based steganographic algorithm with matrix coding[J]. Journal of Chinese Mini-Micro Computer Systems, 2015,36(6): 1296-1300.
[42]	WU W S , XIANG L Y , WANG W . A synonym substitution-based steganography using LZW compression algorithm[J]. Revista De La Facultad De Ingenieria, 2017,32(1): 763-770.
[43]	ZHANG J J , WANG L C , LIN H J . Coverless text information hiding method based on the rank map[J]. Journal of Internet Technology, 2017,18(2): 127-434.
[44]	SUN X M , LUO G , HUANG H J . Component-based digital watermarking of Chinese texts[C]// International Conference on Information Security. ACM, 2004: 76-81.
[45]	WANG Z H , CHANG C C , LIN C C ,et al. A reversible information hiding scheme using left-right and up-down Chinese character representation[J]. Journal of Systems and Software, 2009,82(8): 1362-1369.
[46]	FEI W B , TANG X H . A Chinese text watermark algorithm based on polyphone[C]// Cross Strait Quad-regional Radio Science ＆ Wireless Technology Conference. IEEE, 2011: 1215-1218.
[47]	ZHU P , XIANG G , SONG W ,et al. A text zero-watermarking algorithm based on Chinese phonetic alphabets[J]. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 2016,21(4): 277-282.
[48]	TANG X H , WANG L N . Text watermarking algorithm based on the stroke of Chinese characters[C]// International Conference on Multimedia Technology. IEEE, 2011: 794-796.
[49]	LIU J , PAN J S . Text zero-watermark based on using strokes of Chinese characters[J]. Computer Engineering ＆ Applications, 2013,49(9): 99-101.
[50]	孙新梅, 孟朋, 黄刘生 . 基于字体的中文信息隐藏算法[J]. 计算机工程与设计, 2013,34(9): 3063-3067.
	SUN X M , MENG P , HUANG L S . Chinese text steganography based on character forms[J]. Computer Engineering ＆ Design, 2013,34(9): 3063-3067.
[51]	TAN L N , HU K , ZHOU X M ,et al. Print-scan invariant text image watermarking for hardcopy document authentication[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2018(10): 1-23.
[52]	KHADIJA G , HASSAN D , RACHID H ,et al. A zero-bit Fourier image watermarking for print-cam process[J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2019,78(2): 2621-2638.
[53]	YANG Z L , GUO X Q , CHEN Z M ,et al. RNN-Stega:linguistic steganography based on recurrent neural networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2019,14(5): 1280-1259.
[54]	XIAO C , ZHANG C , ZHENG X X . Fontcode:Embeding information in text documents using glyph perturbation[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2018,37(2):15.
[55]	FANG H , ZHANG W M , ZHOU H ,et al. Screen-shooting resilient watermarking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2019,14(6): 1403-1418.

Metrics

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

编码	含义
0000	NUL
0001	SOH
0010	STX
0011	ETX

Review of information hiding on Chinese text

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 5

References 55

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Recommended 0

[1]	Yuling LIU, Cuilin WANG, Zhangjie FU. Generative text steganography method based on emotional expression in semantic space [J]. Journal on Communications, 2023, 44(4): 176-186.
[2]	Dongyan HUANG, Kun LI. Research on multi-address time-based blockchain covert communication method [J]. Journal on Communications, 2023, 44(2): 148-159.
[3]	Chao XIA, Yaqi LIU, Qingxiao GUAN, Xin JIN, Yanshuo ZHANG, Shengwei XU. Steganalysis of JPEG images using non-linear residuals [J]. Journal on Communications, 2023, 44(1): 142-152.
[4]	Hui LI, Jiali JIN, Shuyu JIN, Weijiao MA. Text steganography method based on automatic selection coding and dynamic word selection strategy [J]. Journal on Communications, 2022, 43(9): 240-253.
[5]	Wei SHE, Xinpeng RONG, Wei LIU, Zhao TIAN. Generative blockchain-based covert communication model based on Markov chain [J]. Journal on Communications, 2022, 43(10): 121-132.
[6]	Zhili ZHOU, Meimin WANG, Gaobo YANG, Jianyu ZHU, Xingming SUN. Generative steganography method based on auto-generation of contours [J]. Journal on Communications, 2021, 42(9): 144-154.
[7]	Zhen ZHANG, Jiaming NI, Ye YAO, Lichun GONG, Yujuan WANG, Guohua WU. Text coverless information hiding method based on synonyms expansion and label delivery mechanism [J]. Journal on Communications, 2021, 42(9): 173-183.
[8]	Shuai REN,Zhen WANG,Dongxu SU,Tao ZHANG,Dejun MU. Information hiding algorithm based on mapping and structure data of 3D model [J]. Journal on Communications, 2019, 40(5): 211-222.
[9]	Feng XU,Jia-nan LI,Jian-guo SUN. Research of composite safety protection for digital maps [J]. Journal on Communications, 2016, 37(2): 174-179.
[10]	Ming-zhu LAI,Li-guo ZHANG,Wei-miao FENG,Yuan-yuan WANG,Yong WANG,Shou-zheng LI. Study on authority watermark of the electronic chart based on the semantics characteristics [J]. Journal on Communications, 2016, 37(11): 137-145.
[11]	Li-quan CHEN,Miao LU,Ai-qun HU,Xiao-yan SUN. Improved information hiding algorithm based on twice positioning in coding channel [J]. Journal on Communications, 2013, 34(12): 120-130.
[12]	Jia-yong CHEN,Jiu-fen LIU,Yue-fei ZHU,Wei-ming ZHANG. Cryptographic secrecy of steganographic matrix encoding [J]. Journal on Communications, 2012, 33(6): 174-179.
[13]	Jian-guo SUN,Guo-yin ZHANG,Jun-peng WU,Ai-hong YAO. Performance verification of the digital watermarking for vector map based on SPA [J]. Journal on Communications, 2010, 31(9A): 239-244.
[14]	Qiu-yu ZHANG,Yi-bo HUANG,Lan-jun ZHENG. Audio steganography algorithm using PCM quantization coding in the DWT domain [J]. Journal on Communications, 2010, 31(9A): 245-250.
[15]	Ming CHEN,Ru ZHANG,Fan-fan LIU,Jia WU,Xin-xin NIU. Steganalysis of LSB matching based on regional correlation [J]. Journal on Communications, 2010, 31(3): 1-11.