蜂窝车联网（C-V2X）及其赋能智能网联汽车发展的辩思与建议

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-0801.2022154

Abstract

Abstract:

C-V2X (cellular vehicle-to-everything) is the international standards dominated by China’s enterprises for V2X wireless communications.Based on a brief review of C-V2X, it was indicated that C-V2X could provide capabilities such as low-latency and high-reliability for communications between vehicles and the surrounding traffic elements.C-V2X has demonstrated an obvious surpassing international technological trend and industrial competitions because of technical advantages.The related concepts of V2X, the relationship between 5G and C-V2X, the relationship between V2X and vehicle-infrastructure cooperation, the relationship between V2X and self-driving vehicles as well as the relationship between individual vehicle with intelligence and connected vehicles with cooperative intelligence, were clearly clarified.The insights about the development of C-V2X and intelligent connected vehicles (ICV) were presented.Facing the great strategic opportunities of global automobile industry revolution and China’s transportation industry reform, the innovative development mode of vehicle-infrastructure-cloud cooperation based on “5G+C-V2X” was proposed accordingly.Finally, the industrial progresses and problems were discussed with corresponding policy suggestions.

Key words: C-V2X, low-latency and high-reliability communication, 5G, intelligent connected vehicle, vehicle-infrastructure cooperation, I＆C assistant driving, I＆C self-driving, intelligent transportation

CLC Number:

TP393

Shanzhi CHEN. Critical thinking and suggestions on C-V2X with the developments of intelligent connected vehicles[J]. Telecommunications Science, 2022, 38(7): 1-17.

Figures/Tables 13

References 30

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	通信对象与场景	时变无线传播环境	通信信道	通信业务特点	通信频度	时延与可靠性的业务要求
蜂窝移动通信网	以人为主向物拓展，80%为静止或低速移动	基站天线高（约20 m）	点对多点共享（基站集中控制，基站对多个终端）	点对点为主，广域通信为主	多为低频度通信	要求不一，大部分业务对时延和可靠性容忍
车联网	车及周边交通元素，80%为高速移动	V2V、V2P、V2I 等直接通信时车间遮挡及多个移动反射体。V2I路侧设备约7 m高度	多点对多点共享（分布式控制，多车对多车）	V2N与蜂窝通信一样，但V2V、V2I和V2P属局域多点对多点并发通信	通信频度高（发送10次/（车·s）以上状态信息）	V2N对时延和可靠性容忍，但V2V、V2I 和V2P 对时延和可靠性要求苛刻

	通信对象	通信地理范围	节点移动性	通信信道	通信频度	低时延高可靠	信息时效性	应用场景
MANET	随意加入或离开，但大多应用相对固定	不一（从几米到百千米）	节点任意移动，但移动速度不一	多跳多点共享	多为低频度通信	大多无要求	大多无要求	战术网络、传感器网、应紧通信、野外科考、个域网等
车联网	不确定，变化大	短距离约1 km（道路安全信息时效性）	节点高速移动，但移动有规律	单跳多点共享	通信频度高（发送10次/（车·s）以上状态信息）	严苛	严苛	V2V、V2I和V2P等通信

通信方式	接口	信令建立连接	用户数据	控制方式	支持业务例子	业务特征	频谱	5G 网络切片
蜂窝通信	Uu	需要	远程信息服务（经基站转发，长距离通信）	集中式	基于V2N的地图下载、信息娱乐等应用	大带宽、时延不敏感业务	电信运营商的4G/5G频段	支持更佳
短距直通通信	PC5	无须	车与车、车与路间的近程数据实时交互	集中式（基站覆盖内）或分布式（基站覆盖范围内或外）	基于 V2V、V2I、V2P的道路安全业务	低时延、高可靠通信业务	智能交通系统（ITS）专用频段（5.9 GHz）	无须
注：Uu为基站与终端（手机）间的无线链路（含上行（uplink）、下行（downlink）），PC5为终端间的直通无线链路（sidelink）

	车内网	车云网	车际网
定义	汽车内部的通信网络	车与云（应用平台）间通信，也称车载移动互联网	车与相邻的车、路、人等之间的短距实时通信
支撑业务与应用	实现整车内部控制系统与各检测和执行部件间的数据通信	远程信息服务，实现远程诊断和车辆调度、交通流量疏导、软件升级、信息娱乐服务	近程数据交互，提升道路安全和交通效率，节能减排
通信技术	控制器局域网络（controller area network，CAN）、车载以太网（automotive ethernet）	3G/4G/5G、卫星通信C-V2X (4G/5G Uu)	C-V2X（PC5）、DSRC（IEEE 802.11p）
特征	实时性、可靠性	对通信时延与可靠性没有高要求，信息娱乐时需要大带宽	低时延、高可靠

	物联网	车联网
通信终端类型	种类多（消费类、工业类、环保及公共安全类等）	车、路、人等
通信终端是否移动（运动）	绝大部分静止	终端（汽车）工作时运动
通信频度	低，物联网终端大部分时间处于休眠状态	高，单车的道路安全业务通信频度10次/s以上
通信对象的物理范围	不同应用，短距和广域均有	V2N是广域通信，但V2V、V2I、V2P间属局部通信（道路安全业务，通信对象约1 km范围内信息有价值）
功耗	超低功耗，单个电池运行多年，或能量自给（如震动能、光能、热能和射频能）	相对不敏感
通信时延	不同应用，要求不一。大部分业务要求不高	V2V、V2I、V2P要求低时延（道路安全要求毫秒级）
通信可靠性	大部分业务要求不高	高，超过99%
安全性	不同应用不同	高（涉及生命安全）

Critical thinking and suggestions on C-V2X with the developments of intelligent connected vehicles

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Figures/Tables 13

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	接口	信令建连接	用户数据	应用类别	终端移动性
5G URLLC	Uu	需要	经基站转发	工业互联网，VR场景	静止或中低速移动
NR-V2X (PC5)	PC5	无须	短距离直接通信	车联网	高速移动

应用类别	主要应用场景	地理范围	应用案例	通信要求	通信接口
V2V	道路安全，车辆编队等增强应用	局部	主动安全：盲区感知、变道辅助、高优先权车辆紧急通行	实时、可靠性要求高	PC5
V2I	道路安全、交通效率	局部与区域	微观交通：交通信号灯信息及车速引导，高速公路突发事故、临时施工，危险路段（匝道、隧道等）	实时、可靠性要求高
V2P	弱势交通参与者（行人、摩托车、自行车）道路安全	局部	行人穿行路口等	实时、可靠性要求高
V2N	交通效率	全局	宏观交通：交通信号全局优化、行车路径规划、流量疏导	非实时、可靠性要求不高	Uu
	远程监管与维护		车辆远程诊断和维护，两客一危一重的远程监管	非实时、可靠性要求不高
	自动驾驶		高清地图下载	时延容忍
	信息娱乐		视频娱乐	大带宽，但非实时、可靠性要求不高

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	LTE-V2X	NR-V2X
4G核心网	√	√
5G核心网	√	√