区块链技术在物联网中的应用概述

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-3750.2021.00201

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

物联网正在将传统工业重塑为以数据驱动决策为特征的智能工业。然而，物联网本身的特性带来了一系列挑战，如去中心化、互操作性差、存在隐私和安全漏洞等。区块链技术的出现为物联网应对挑战提供了新的解决途径。研究了区块链技术与物联网的融合，并把这种融合命名为物链网（BCoT, blockchain of things）。首先介绍物联网及区块链技术，然后着重介绍区块链和物联网的融合，提出了实现物链网体系结构的方案，并进一步讨论了物链网在工业中的应用问题，最后对该领域的开放性研究方向进行了概述。

关键词: 区块链, 物联网, 智能合约, 工业应用

Abstract:

Internet of things (IoT) is changing the data-driven smart industry due the massive availability of IoT data.Nevertheless, the IoT also poses some challenging issues like decentralization, poor interoperability, privacy and security vulnerabilities.The recent advent of blockchain can potentially tackle the above issues.The marriage of blockchain and IoT was investigated, and named this integration as blockchain of things (BCoT).In particular, the IoT and blockchain technology was introduced firstly.The convergence of blockchain and IoT was introduced, and the proposal of BCoT architecture was presented.The application of the Internet of things in the industry was further discussed.Finally, the open research directions in the field were outlined.

Key words: blockchain, Internet of things, smart contract, industrial application

中图分类号:

TP393

郭才, 李续然, 陈炎华, 戴弘宁. 区块链技术在物联网中的应用概述[J]. 物联网学报, 2021, 5(1): 72-89.

Cai GUO, Xuran LI, Yanhua CHEN, Hongning DAI. Blockchain technology for Internet of things: an overview[J]. Chinese Journal on Internet of Things, 2021, 5(1): 72-89.

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区别	概率共识算法	确定性共识算法
共识步骤	先保存再进行共识	先共识再保存
分叉	是	否
仲裁机制	当有多个分叉时，选择最长链	通过多轮通信投票解决争议
恶意攻击容错	<50% 算力	<1/3 投票节点
复杂性	计算难度大	网络需求大
举例	PoW、PoS、DPoS	PBFT、PBF的变体

区别	公共区块链	私有区块链	联盟区块链
去中心化	是	否	部分
不可篡改性	是	否	部分
不可否认性	是	否	部分
透明度	是	否	部分
可追溯性	是	是	部分
可扩展能力	弱	强	中等
灵活性	弱	强	中等
访问是否需要许可	否	是	是
共识算法	PoW、PoS	Ripple	PBFT、PoA、PoET
举例	比特币、以太坊	GEMOS、多链	超级账本、以太坊

应用	优势
智能制造^[28,31-32]	提高互操作性，自动化P2P商业交易，降低可靠第三方的成本
供应链^[33-37]	保证数据来源，降低售后服务的成本，减小供应链风险
食品工业^[38-42]	提高数据可溯性，增强食品安全性
智能电网^[43-44]	保护能量交易安全，提高透明度，保护隐私
医疗健康^[45-52]	保证安全性，保护隐私，验证真实性
车联网及无人机网络^[53-61]	保证消息的可信度，在电动车中保护能量交易的安全，保证无人机之间的相互信任