室内定位隐私保护综述

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-436x.2023162

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

智能手机的室内定位服务通常由第三方定位服务商提供，其独有的隐私泄露风险已成为制约其发展的主要因素，如何保护定位过程中用户和数据的隐私成为一个亟待解决的重要问题。对近年来室内定位隐私保护的研究进展进行综述。介绍了常用的室内定位技术，讨论了室内定位系统的不同实现架构及其威胁模型、隐私保护需求，总结了应用于室内定位隐私保护的安全技术，分类介绍了针对不同架构的室内定位隐私保护方案，全面比较和分析了不同方案的性能及其优缺点，总结并展望了未来的研究方向。

关键词: 室内定位, 隐私保护, 安全协议, 信息安全

Abstract:

Smartphones are usually provided with indoor positioning services by third-party positioning service providers, in which the unique privacy leakage risk has become a major factor limiting its development.How to protect the privacy of users and data in the positioning process has become an important issue to be solved.The research progress of indoor positioning privacy protection in recent years was reviewed.The commonly used indoor positioning technologies were introduced, different implementation architectures of indoor positioning systems and their threat models, privacy protection requirements were discussed, security technologies applied to indoor positioning privacy protection were summarized, indoor positioning privacy protection schemes for different architectures were classified and introduced, and the performance of different schemes and their advantages and disadvantages were comprehensively compared and analyzed, and finally future research trends were summarized and looked forward to.

Key words: indoor positioning, privacy protection, security protocol, information security

中图分类号:

TN92

王志恒, 徐彦彦. 室内定位隐私保护综述[J]. 通信学报, 2023, 44(9): 188-204.

Zhiheng WANG, Yanyan XU. Survey on privacy protection indoor positioning[J]. Journal on Communications, 2023, 44(9): 188-204.

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表1

基于集中式架构的隐私保护方案"

安全技术	文献	方案分类	隐私算法	隐私保护度				计算/通信开销	定位精度
安全技术	文献	方案分类	隐私算法	测量信息	数据库信息	定位结果	总体Level	计算/通信开销	定位精度
	文献[42]		Elgamal	受加密保护	无加密且易受分析攻击	在用户端获得	Level-Ⅰ	高，但是网格划分可以降低开销	网格划分方式降低定位精度
	文献[8]		Paillier	受加密保护	无加密且易受分析攻击	在用户端获得	Level-Ⅰ	高	AP mask会降低定位精度
基于同态	文献[43]	同态加密	Paillier	受加密保护	无加密	在用户端获得，但会向服务器泄露区域信息	Level-Ⅰ	高	不影响精度
加密和安全多	文献[50]		Paillier	受加密保护	无加密保护	在用户端获得	Level-Ⅱ	高	不影响精度
方计算的方案	文献[45]		Paillier	受加密保护	模型无加密保护	密文结果	Level-Ⅱ	中	不影响精度
	文献[48]	安全多方计算	以Paillier实现	受加密保护	受盲化处理	密文结果	Level-Ⅱ	高	不影响精度
	文献[34]		ABY	被分割保护	被分割保护	被分割保护	Level-Ⅲ	高	受量化位数影响
	文献[46]	混合方案	Paillier和ABY	受加密保护	无加密，但抵抗数据分析	在用户端获得	Level-Ⅱ	高	不影响精度
	文献[52]	众包建库	拉普拉斯机制	秘密共享和差分隐私保护	—	秘密共享和差分隐私噪声保护	Level-Ⅱ	高	降低数据库的准确性和定位精度
基于差分隐私的方案	文献[53,55]	模型训练	拉普拉斯机制	差分隐私噪声	—	差分隐私训练模型保护	Level-Ⅱ	低	降低在模型精度和定位精度
	文献[56]	定位过程	拉普拉斯机制和指数机制	AP模糊化	基于DP聚类和扰动保护	用户端获得	Level-Ⅱ	低	降低精度
	文献[57]		拉普拉斯机制	差分隐私噪声保护	无保护	匿名保护	Level-Ⅱ	低	降低精度
	文献[58]		假名技术，身份替换	对称加密和匿名保护	无保护	Hilbert变换，加密和匿名	Level-Ⅱ	中	不影响精度
	文献[59]	有匿名器	假名技术，身份删除	匿名保护	无保护	匿名保护	Level-Ⅰ	低	不影响精度
基于k匿名的方案	文献[60-62]		随机化技术，哑元信息生成	匿名保护	无保护	匿名保护	Level-Ⅱ	取决于匿名度	不影响精度
	文献[63-64]	无匿名器	随机化技术，哑元信息生成	匿名保护	无保护	匿名保护	Level-Ⅱ	取决于匿名度	不影响精度
	文献[65]		随机化技术	受布隆过滤器保护	泄露部分数据库	匿名保护	Level-Ⅰ	中	不影响精度

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参考文献 75

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安全技术	常用场景	隐私保护度	计算/通信开销	定位精度
同态加密和安全多方计算	集中式定位架构	高，但通常不保护数据库信息	高，随数据库线性增长	不影响定位精度
差分隐私	集中式定位架构	可量化的隐私保护强度	低	显著降低定位精度
k匿名	集中式定位架构	取决于匿名度和匿名机制	中，取决于匿名度	不影响定位精度
信息隐藏	分布式定位架构	低，无法抵抗共谋攻击	低	不影响定位精度
零知识证明、安全路由等	协作式定位架构	高，保护参与用户的匿名性	高	不影响定位精度
内积函数加密、矩阵乘法加密、物理隔离等	云定位架构	高，同时包含测量信息、数据库信息和定位结果	中	不影响定位精度